She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity (102 page)

and engineering of embryonic cells,
544

and evolution of eukaryotes,
144

and mitochondria,
418
,
520
–22,
542

and ooplasm transfers,
515
–18

and Weismann's germ line theory,
57
–58

Nussenzweig, Ruth,
556

Ochman, Howard,
413
–14

“Of the Resemblance of Children to Their Fathers” (Montaigne),
23

Og, king of Bashan,
252
–53

oligosaccharides,
413
–14

omnigenic traits,
284

Omnis cellula e cellula
(Virchow),
326

one-fin flashlight fish,
405
–7,
411
,
417

O'Neill, Oona,
171
–72

ooplasm transfers,
513
–20

Opitz, James,
341

orchids,
45

Order of the Crown of Charlemagne,
165
,
189
–90

Orgel, Leslie,
517

The
Origin of Species
(Darwin),
43
–44,
46
,
53

Osborn, Henry Fairfield,
235
–37

Osler, William,
211

Ott, Maureen,
513
,
520

Our Children in the Atomic Age
(Goddard),
102

Överkalix, Sweden,
427

Owen, Ray David,
372
–77,
378

Pääbo, Svante,
225
,
239
–41,
247

Page, Clarence,
169

PAH gene,
126
,
133
,
252
,
506

Paine, Thomas,
164

paleoanthropology,
226
,
238
–39,
464

paleogenetics,
225
,
235
–40,
240
–49

pangenesis,
47
–48,
53
–56,
58
–60,
409

Papanicolaou, George,
478
–79

parasites,
246
,
401
,
419
,
441
.
See also
malaria

Parkinson's disease,
543

paternity disputes,
170
–79

Pavisi,
256

pea plants

and chromosomes,
144

and Goddard's research,
82

and height research,
260
,
262
,
264

and Knight's research,
37
–39

and meiosis,
146
,
152

and Mendel's research,
46
,
133
,
137
–38

Pearson, Karl,
262
,
291
,
304
,
312
–13

Pearson, Nathaniel,
222
–24

pedigrees

and chimerism,
384

and Davenport's research,
80

and embryonic development,
329

and European history,
13
–14

and freemartins,
373

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
478

and
The Kallikak Family,
87

and livestock breeding,
281

and Morgan's research,
99

and the
Peloria
plant,
422

and Penrose's research,
123

and scientific racism,
95

and in vitro gametogenesis,
549

P element,
557

Peloria
plant,
423
–26,
439
–40,
443
,
474

Penrose, Lionel,
117
–21,
121
–23,
126
–27,
131
,
183

Pevsner, Jonathan,
358

Phaethon,
483
–85

phenylalanine,
116
–17,
120
,
126
–29,
133
–34

phenylketonuria (PKU)

and complexity of heredity,
252

diagnosis and treatment,
126
–34,
506
,
512

and early genetics research,
172

and genetic engineering,
508
–9

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
471

and genome sequencing,
184

and height research,
274

and intelligence research,
300
–301,
317

and Mendel's Law,
137
,
473

and Penrose's research,
119
–23

phenylpyruvic acid,
116

Philip II,
11
–12,
14
,
16
,
21
–22,
24

Philip III,
22

Philip IV,
22
,
26

Picea glauca
“Conica,”
349

Pickrell, Joe,
220
–22

Pigafetta, Antonio,
255

pigeons,
45
–46,
53
,
372

pigmeitos
,
272

PIGV gene,
535

Pima Indians,
216
–20

Pinhasi, Ron,
225

placentas,
327
,
341
–42,
371
,
374
,
377
,
385
–86,
437

plant mutagenics,
486
–87

plasmids,
141

Plasmodium
,
556
.
See also
malaria

Platerus,
253

Pliny the Elder,
253

Plomin, Robert,
301
,
311
–12

pluripotency,
342
,
407
,
545
–48

Poduri, Annapurna,
359

Pohl, Marilou,
158

polar bodies,
146

pollen,
36
–37,
39
–40,
49
,
59
,
146
,
152
,
424
,
439
,
486

polygenic traits,
284

Popenoe, Paul,
93

population genetics,
538

Porteus, Stanley,
292

port-wine stains,
350
,
352
,
358
–59

potatoes,
30
,
49
–50,
65

poverty and wealth inequality,
310
–11,
471
,
566
–69

preformationists,
325
–26

pregnancy,
378
,
380
–82,
385
–89,
391
,
400
–401

preimplantation genetic diagnosis,
506
,
527
–28,
530
,
532
,
535
–37

Prichard, James Cowles,
255
,
275

Priest, James,
361
–66

primates,
413
–14,
458
–60.
See also
hominins

primordial cells,
138
,
440

Pritchard, Jonathan,
214
–16,
218
–19,
283
–84

proteins

and CRISPR system,
495
–96

and epigenetics,
431

and evolution of DNA-based life,
138
–39

and freemartins,
373

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
475

and height research,
270

and light organs,
405

and lyonization,
338

and measurement of genetic diversity,
207
–8

and meiosis,
145
–46

and mitochondria,
418
,
518
,
521

and mosaic cancers,
354

and plant domestication,
493

Proteus syndrome,
356
–57

protozoans,
55
,
144
,
326
,
418

pseudogenes,
364

psychology,
75
,
292
–93,
298
,
305
,
314
–15,
318

Puritans,
160
,
164
–65,
170

Pye, Ruth,
398

pygmies,
255
,
269
,
461

Quake, Stephen,
364

Quakers,
74
,
287
–88

Quastel, Juda,
119

Questions About the Breeding of Animals
(Bakewell),
44

Quetelet, Adolph,
258
–59,
263

Race, Robert,
377
–80

race and racism

and cumulative culture,
567

and Dobzhansky's research,
204
–6

and Du Bois's research,
202
–4

and Goddard's research,
93
–94

and intelligence research,
312
–16

and Lewontin's research,
207
–9

origins of race concept,
17

racial classifications,
195
–96,
208
–10

racial hierarchies,
196

racial hygiene laws,
95
,
198
–202

scientific racism,
93
–96,
206
–7

and tracing lineages,
193
–98

Rader, Evelyn,
157

Radiobiological Research Unit,
333
–34

Ralph, Peter,
189

Ramon y Cajal, Santiago,
346

Ramsay, Paul,
504
–5

Randolph, John,
165
,
198
–99

Rankin, Dorothy,
158

Rawls, Lindsey,
572

recessive traits and mutations

and causes of PKU,
117
,
119
,
122
–23,
126
,
129

and Davenport's research,
79

and
Drosophila
research,
98

and genome sequencing,
184
–85

and Germinal Choice program,
504

and Goddard's research,
81

and height research,
262
,
272

and isolation of populations,
214

and meiosis,
152

and Mendel's research,
60
,
137
–38,
473

and mutagenic chain reaction,
550
–55

and selective breeding,
486

Reeves, Helen,
91
,
105

Reich, David,
226
,
232
–33,
240

Rendell, Luke,
458

restriction enzymes,
489

retrotransposons,
441

RFMix,
222
,
223

Rh factors,
208

Risch, Neil,
276
–77

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

and bacterial restriction enzymes,
488

and CRISPR system,
489
–91

and DNA replication,
125

and epigenetics,
439
–42

and evolution of DNA-based life,
138
–39

and gene drives,
155

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
475

and lyonization,
338
–39

and plant defense systems,
566

and plant domestication,
495

and stem cells,
345

Roberts, Dorothy,
316

Robeson, Paul,
157

Rogers, Lois,
514

Roman culture,
12
–15,
253
–54,
370

Roots: The Sage of an American Family
(Haley),
168
–70,
179
–80

Rose, Steven,
133
–34

Rose, Willie Lee,
169

Rosenberg, Noah,
213
,
218

Royal Eastern Counties Institution at Colchester,
118

Royal Society,
54
,
137
,
256
,
524

Sahelanthropus tchadensis,
237

San people,
229
,
230

satellite cells,
345

Scheinfeld, Amram,
101

Schmorl, Christian Georg,
385

Schork, Nicholas,
216

Schwann, Theodor,
326

Schwann cells,
393
–94

Scientific Revolution,
26
,
325

scleroderma,
390

SCN5A gene,
362
–63,
365
–66

Scottish Council for Research in Education,
293

Scottish Mental Survey,
293
,
302

sea urchins,
352
–53

seed balls,
49

Seegen, Joseph,
211

The
Selfish Gene
(Dawkins),
452
–54

Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,
496

sheep breeding,
32
–38,
41

Sheldon, Ben,
457
–58

short tandem repeats,
176

Shull, George,
62
–63,
80
,
485
–86,
488

siblings,
151
–52,
186
–87,
291
.
See also
twins

sickle cell anemia,
212

Siemens, Hermann Werner,
265
–66

Siepel, Adam,
234
,
242
–44,
248
–49

Silventoinen, Karri,
266

Simon, Theodore,
77

Simon-Binet test,
77
–78,
96
,
291