受戒 (2 page)

明海在家叫小明子。他是从小就确定要出家的。他的家乡不叫“出家”，叫“当和尚”。他的家乡出和尚。就像有的地方出劁猪的，有的地方出织席子的，有的地方出箍桶的，有的地方出弹棉花的，有的地方出画匠，有的地方出婊子，他的家乡出和尚。人家弟兄多，就派一个出去当和尚。当和尚也要通过关系，也有帮。这地方的和尚有的走得很远。有到杭州灵隐寺的、上海静安寺的、镇江金山寺的、扬州天宁寺的。一般的就在本县的寺庙。明海家田少，老大、老二、老三，就足够种的了。他是老四。他七岁那年，他当和尚的舅舅回家，他爹、他娘就和舅舅商议，决定叫他当和尚。他当时在旁边，觉得这实在是在情在理，没有理由反对。当和尚有很多好处。一是可以吃现成饭。哪个庙里都是管饭的。二是可以攒钱。只要学会了放瑜伽焰口，拜梁皇忏，可以按例分到辛苦钱。积攒起来，将来还俗娶亲也可以；不想还俗，买几亩田也可以。当和尚也不容易，一要面如朗月，二要声如钟磬，三要聪明记性好。他舅舅给他相了相面，叫他前走几步，后走几步，又叫他喊了一声赶牛打场的号子：“格当嘚——”，说是“明子准能当个好和尚，我包了！”要当和尚，得下点本——念几年书。哪有不认字的和尚呢！于是明子就开蒙入学，读了《三字经》、《百家姓》、《四言杂字》、《幼学琼林》、上《论》、下《论》、上《孟》、下《孟》，每天还写一张仿。村里都夸他字写得好，很黑。

On an appointed day several years later, his uncle came back, bringing an extra Buddhist short jacket which he urged his elder sister to shorten for Mingzi. Wearing this jacket, a pair of ordinary purple trousers and new cloth shoes on his bare feet, Mingzi kowtowed to his parents and set out with his uncle.

While in school, Mingzi had been called Minghai. His uncle said there was no need to change that and so it became his Buddhist name.

They crossed a big lake — an immense lake! — and reached the county seat which was bustling with activity. In the main street there were an official salt shop, tax bureau, cloth store, butcher's and so on. A donkey was grinding sesame seeds in the oil workshop and the aroma filled the street. On both sides were various kinds of stalls selling cosmetics, velvet flowers, silk threads, sugar figures and other goods. In addition, there were also men selling quack remedies and snake performers. Mingzi was fascinated by these interesting sights and would have liked to take a good look at each of them. His uncle, however, urged him along, saying, "Don't dawdle! Hurry up! Be quick!"

舅舅按照约定的日期又回了家，带了一件他自己穿的和尚领的短衫，叫明子娘改小一点，给明子穿上。明子穿了这件和尚短衫，下身还是在家穿的紫花裤子，赤脚穿了一双新布鞋，跟他爹、他娘磕了一个头，就随舅舅走了。

他上学时起了个学名，叫明海。舅舅说，不用改了。于是“明海”就从学名变成了法名。

过了一个湖。好大一个湖！穿过一个县城。县城真热闹：官盐店，税务局，肉铺里挂着成片的猪，一个驴子在磨芝麻，满街都是小磨香油的香味，布店，卖茉莉粉、梳头油的什么斋，卖绒花的，卖丝线的，打把式卖膏药的，吹糖人的，耍蛇的……他什么都想看看。舅舅一个劲地推他：“快走！快走！”

At last, they reached a river where a small boat was waiting for them by the bank. A tall, slender man about fifty years old stood in the boat, while a girl about the same age as Mingzi squatted in the stern. She was breaking open a lotus seedpod with her hands. The boat set out as soon as Mingzi and his uncle got in.

Before long, Mingzi heard someone talking to him. The speaker was none other than the girl. "Isn't it you who's going to Biqi Nunnery to be a monk?"

Mingzi nodded.

"They'll burn incense scars on your head if you want to be a monk. Aren't you afraid?"

Not knowing how to answer, Mingzi shook his head vaguely.

"What's your name?"

"Minghai."

"And what do they call you at home?"

"Mingzi."

"Mingzi! I'm called Xiaoyingzi! We'll soon be neighbours. I live next door to your temple. — Take it!" She threw him the remaining half of the lotus seedpod. Mingzi began to break it open and eat the seeds one by one.

到了一个河边，有一只船在等着他们。船上有一个五十来岁的瘦长瘦长的大伯，船头蹲着一个跟明子差不多大的女孩子，在剥一个莲蓬吃。明子和舅舅坐到舱里，船就开了。

明子听见有人跟他说话，是那个女孩子。“是你要到荸荠庵当和尚吗？”

明子点点头。

“当和尚要烧戒疤
！你不怕？”

明子不知道怎么回答，就含含糊糊地摇了摇头。

“你叫什么？”

“明海。”

“在家的时候？”

“叫明子。”

“明子！我叫小英子！我们是邻居。我家挨着荸荠庵。——给你！”小英子把吃剩的半个莲蓬扔给明海，小明子就剥开莲蓬壳，一颗一颗吃起来。

The old man rhythmically rowed the boat. It was very quiet with only the sound of the oars splashing in the water.

Biqi Nunnery was situated on a picturesque plateau, the highest in the area. Obviously, the man who had built it had made a wise choice. A river flowed in front of the temple. Before the entrance, a large threshing ground was surrounded on three sides with towering willow trees. Inside the main door was a hallway. A statue of Buddha Maitreya sat facing the door and on both sides of his shrine hung a pair of couplets written by an unknown scholar:

His big belly holds the troubles unbearable to others.

His broad smile is aimed at those who are laughable.

Behind Buddha Maitreya stood the statue of Skanda. Across the hallway was a fair-sized courtyard with two ginkgo trees and at each side a row of three chambers. Across the courtyard was the main hall housing the Trakala Buddhas. Together with the shrines, each was only about four feet high. At the eastern side of the main hall was the chief monk's chamber while at the western side a storeroom. In the eastern wall of the main hall was a rhombus door leading to a long and narrow courtyard, in which were a rockery, some flowerpots and three small side rooms.

大伯一桨一桨地划着，只听见船桨拨水的声音：

“哗——许！哗——许！”

…… ……

荸荠庵的地势很好，在一片高地上。这一带就数这片地势高，当初建庵的人很会选地方。门前是一条河。门外是一片很大的打谷场。三面都是高大的柳树。山门里是一个穿堂。迎门供着弥勒佛。不知是哪一位名士撰写了一副对联：

大肚能容容天下难容之事，

开颜一笑笑世间可笑之人。

弥勒佛背后，是韦驮。过穿堂，是一个不小的天井，种着两棵白果树。天井两边各有三间厢房。走过天井，便是大殿，供着三世佛。佛像连龛才四尺来高。大殿东边是方丈，西边是库房。大殿东侧，有一个小小的六角门，白门绿字，刻着一副对联：

一花一世界，

三藐三菩提。

进门有一个狭长的天井，几块假山石，几盆花，有三间小房。

Mingzi's daily life in the temple was leisurely. After getting up early in the morning, the first thing he did was to open the front door and tidy up the courtyard, which was easy to sweep clean since it was paved with square bricks. Next, he burnt some joss-sticks before the Buddhas Maitreya, Skanda and Trakala in the main hall, kowtowed to each of them, chanted "NamasAmitabha" and beat the inverted bell three times. The monks of this temple had neither morning nor evening services. Mingzi's beating of the inverted bell three times was all that was required. Having finished these tasks, he fetched water and fed the pigs. At last, when the abbot (namely, his uncle) got up, he waited on him and learned from him how to chant sutras.

Teaching a young novice to chant Buddhist sutras was just the same as teaching pupils to recite their lessons. Both the master and the pupil held a volume of Buddhist scriptures in their hands, the former chanting sentence by sentence and the latter following suit. While chanting, Mingzi's uncle beat time loudly on the table with his palm. He did this according to fixed rhythms. It was like teaching someone to sing Beijing Opera for even the special terms used were from Beijing Opera. His uncle told him time and again that, while chanting Buddhist scriptures, his tone must be in keeping with the correct rhythms and notes. In short, to be a good monk one needed a sweet voice. He told his young nephew: When a serious flood occurred in the twentieth year of the Republic, some banks of the canal were completely destroyed. As a result, a great number of the inhabitants were drowned. In order to express their condolences for the unlucky victims, people held a grand Buddhist service. All the abbots of the large temples in the county attended. Thirteen monks were invited to preside over the service, while there were as many as over a hundred ordinary monks in attendance. A question then arose: Among the abbots, who was, after all, most qualified to sit in the seat of honour? Having considered this for a long while, Shiqiao, the abbot of Shanyin Temple, was chosen. Sitting there he had appeared just like the Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha. Moreover he had a booming voice. When it came to chanting psalms and burning incense, as soon as he uttered the first words, the more than one thousand onlookers became silent.

As it was said, "Those who can endure all hardships will become, in the end, outstanding men." The uncle, therefore, advised his young nephew to practise singing even on the hottest or coldest days. In addition, he should strive to attain the skill of making his voice resound from the depths of his heart. The novices were expected to learn diligently and refrain from playing. Having been enlightened by this advice, Mingzi studied harder, repeating and learning to chant the Buddhist sutras with fixed rhythms every morning:

"As soon as the incense is burned in the burner—”

"As soon as the incense is burned in the burner—”

"The holy world will be filled with its fragrance—”

"The holy world will be filled with its fragrance—”

"And heavenly Buddhas will appear in their golden figures—”

"And heavenly Buddhas will appear in their golden figures—”

...

小和尚的日子清闲得很。一早起来，开山门，扫地。庵里的地铺的都是箩底方砖，好扫得很，给弥勒佛、韦驮烧一炷香，正殿的三世佛面前也烧一炷香，磕三个头，念三声“南无阿弥陀佛”，敲三声磬。这庵里的和尚不兴做什么早课、晚课，明子这三声磬就全都代替了。然后，挑水，喂猪。然后，等当家和尚，即明子的舅舅起来，教他念经。

教念经也跟教书一样，师父面前一本经，徒弟面前一本经，师父唱一句，徒弟跟着唱一句。是唱哎。舅舅一边唱，一边还用手在桌上拍板。一板一眼，拍得很响，就跟教唱戏一样。是跟教唱戏一样，完全一样哎。连用的名词都一样。舅舅说：念经，一要板眼准，二要合工尺。说：当一个好和尚，得有条好嗓子。说：民国二十年闹大水，运河倒了堤，最后在清水潭合龙，因为大水淹死的人很多，放了一台大焰口，十三大师——十三个正座和尚，各大庙的方丈都来了，下面的和尚上百。谁当这个首座？推来推去，还是石桥——善因寺的方丈！他往上一坐，就跟地藏王菩萨一样，这就不用说了；那一声“开香赞”，围看的上千人立时鸦雀无声。说：嗓子要练，夏练三伏，冬练三九，要练丹田气！说：要吃得苦中苦，方为人上人！说：和尚里也有状元、榜眼、探花！要用心，不要贪玩！舅舅这一番大法要说得明海和尚实在是五体投地，于是就一板一眼地跟着舅舅唱起来：

“炉香乍爇——”

“炉香乍爇——”

“法界蒙薰——”

“法界蒙薰——”

“诸佛现金身——”

“诸佛现金身——”

…… ……

When he had finished his morning lesson of chanting sutras (he had also to learn to chant a section of the Buddhist scriptures before going to bed), the older monks of Biqi Nunnery began to get up one after another.

There were very few inhabitants in this nunnery: only six including Minghai. One of them was his uncle's teacher named Puzhao, an old monk about sixty years old. His Buddhist name was unknown, for people simply called him "Old Monk" or "Old Master". As for Minghai, he called him "Grandfather Master". This old monk, who never chanted Buddhist sutras but only sat motionless, was unsociable and eccentric. He always kept to himself in his room. Except for the Spring Festival, he ate no meat all year round.

In addition, there were three other older monks with the name "Ren": Renshan, Renhai and Rendu. Outside and inside the temple, people called them "First Master" and "Second Master", or "Master Shan" and "Master Hai". Only Rendu alone was called that name because "Master Du" was unpleasant to the ear. In fact, being still very young (only a little more than twenty years old), he did not deserve to be called "Master".

等明海学完了早经——他晚上临睡前还要学一段，叫做晚经——荸荠庵的师父们就都陆续起床了。

这庵里人口简单，一共六个人。连明海在内，五个和尚。有一个老和尚，六十几了，是舅舅的师叔，法名普照，但是知道的人很少，因为很少人叫他法名，都称之为老和尚或老师父，明海叫他师爷爷。这是个很枯寂的人，一天关在房里，就是那“一花一世界”里，也看不见他念佛，只是那么一声不响地坐着。他是吃斋的，过年时除外。

下面就是师兄弟三个，仁字排行：仁山、仁海、仁渡。庵里庵外，有的称他们为大师父、二师父；有的称之为山师父、海师父。只有仁渡，没有叫他“渡师父”的，因为听起来不像话，大都直呼之为仁渡。他也只配如此，因为他还年轻，才二十多岁。

Renshan, who was Mingzi's uncle, managed the temple. It was very reasonable that people also called him "manager" instead of "abbot". He alone attended to the daily life of the others. In his room on a desk lay an abacus and three volumes of account books. In one was recorded the accounts for money received for the Buddhist services, in the second the rent, and in the third the debts owed to the nunnery. The monks of this temple were frequently invited to perform services by the local Buddhists and afterwards they would, of course, be paid. What else could they live on? Among the various kinds of Buddhist services, chanting sutras for the dead was the most frequent. To perform this, ten monks were required: One would take the leading seat, another would beat a drum and four others would stand at either side of a square table. If there were not enough monks, it was also permissible to have three monks on both sides as well as the leading monk and the drum beater. Since Biqi Nunnery had only four monks, when they were asked to do this service, they had to cooperate with monks from other temples. This happened from time to time. Generally, they performed the service with only half a set of monks for it was rather troublesome to cooperate and many families could not afford the cost of a full ceremony. Therefore, some families, when one of their members died, invited only two monks, and sometimes only one, to perform this service. Many paid the fees only after they had gathered in their harvest. In such cases, their names were entered in the account books. Since the amounts given to each monk were not equal, just as with actors in a theatrical troupe, they were distributed in fixed proportions. The monk who sat in the seat of honour received the greatest proportion, because, apart from leading the other monks in chanting the Buddhist sutras, he had also to perform a solo chant. When the service came to the point where the condolences to the departed were sung, the other monks laid down their musical instruments and rested, while only the leading monk continued singing slowly with distinct rhythm. Next to him was the monk who beat the drum. Not easy work! The tempo at the beginning of the service was impossible to play well if one was unskilled. As for the rest, their rewards were the same. To prevent the monks from quarrelling at the end of each year, it was necessary to enter their parts in the account book. The temple recorded their work in detail as follows: On such and such a date, so-and-so sat in the seat of honour; so-and-so beat the drum; and so-and-so… In addition, the temple had quite a large amount of land, which was rented out to tenants. The rents were collected at an appointed time. The nunnery also lent money. Both the tenants and debtors rarely failed to pay their rent and interest, because all were afraid of offending Buddha. The accounts alone kept Renshan busy all day long. There were also a lot of other daily accounts that needed to be entered. Hence, in order to do his work as efficiently as possible, he hung on the wall of his room a plank inscribed with this motto in red paint:

"Diligence in recording at the time will save the trouble of recollection."

仁山，即明子的舅舅，是当家的。不叫“方丈”，也不叫“住持”，却叫“当家的”，是很有道理的，因为他确确实实干的是当家的职务。他屋里摆的是一张账桌，桌子上放的是账簿和算盘。账簿共有三本。一本是经账，一本是租账，一本是债账。和尚要做法事，做法事要收钱，——要不，当和尚干什么？常做的法事是放焰口。正规的焰口是十个人。一个正座，一个敲鼓的，两边一边四个。人少了，八个，一边三个，也凑合了。荸荠庵只有四个和尚，要放整焰口就得和别的庙里合伙。这样的时候也有过。通常只是放半台焰口。一个正座，一个敲鼓，另外一边一个。一来找别的庙里合伙费事；二来这一带放得起整焰口的人家也不多。有的时候，谁家死了人，就只请两个，甚至一个和尚咕噜咕噜念一通经，敲打几声法器就算完事。很多人家的经钱不是当时就给，往往要等秋后才还。这就得记账。另外，和尚放焰口的辛苦钱不是一样的。就像唱戏一样，有份子。正座第一份。因为他要领唱，而且还要独唱。当中有一大段“叹骷髅”，别的和尚都放下法器休息，只有首座一个人有板有眼地曼声吟唱。第二份是敲鼓的。你以为这容易呀？哼，单是一开头的“发擂”，手上没功夫就敲不出迟疾顿挫！其余的，就一样了。这也得记上：某月某日，谁家焰口半台，谁正座，谁敲鼓……省得到年底结账时赌咒骂娘。……这庵里有几十亩庙产，租给人种，到时候要收租。庵里还放债。租、债一向倒很少亏欠，因为租佃借钱的人怕菩萨不高兴。这三本账就够仁山忙的了。另外，香烛、灯火、油盐“福食”，这也得随时记记账呀。除了账簿之外，山师父的方丈的墙上还挂着一块水牌，上漆四个红字：“勤笔免思”。