Sins of the Father (33 page)

  
25
   McManus, ‘Red Forts’, p.46.

  
26
   Murray Fraser, John Bull’s
Other Homes: State Housing and British Policy in Ireland,
1883
-
1922 (Liverpool, 1996), p.284.

  
27
   Fraser, p.162.

  
28
   
Report of Inquiry into the Housing of the Working Classes of the City of Dublin
1939
/
43 (Dublin, 1943), p.25.

  
29
   
Report
, p.35.

  
30
   McManus,
Dublin
, p.212.

  
31
   
Ibid.
, p.220.

  
32
   McManus, ‘Red Forts’, p.46.

  
33
   
Ibid.
, p.50.

  
34
   
The Irish Times
, 8 February 1940.

  
35
   
Ibid.
, 30 May 1940.

  
36
   McManus,
Dublin
, p.225.

  
37
   Quoted in McManus, ‘Red Forts’, p.48.

  
38
   
The Irish Times
, 22 January 1948.

  
39
   
Ibid.
, 26 July 1948.

  
40
   
Ibid.
, 21 September 1946.

  
41
   
Ibid.
, 16 July 1949.

  
42
   
Ibid.
, 15 October 1952.

  
43
   
Ibid.
, 26 May 1956.

  
44
   
Ibid.
, 24 May 1957.

  
45
   Leo Grebler, ‘National Programs for Urban Renewal in Western Europe’, Land Economics, Vol.38, No.4 (November 1962), p.12.

  
46
   
The Irish Times
, 5 October 1963.

  
47
   
Ibid.
, 9 February 1966.

  
48
   Norris, ‘Housing’, p.173.

  
49
   Fahey, Nolan & Maître, p.21.

  
50
   
Census
’91
, Volume
10
: Housing
(1997), pp42-3.

  
51
   
Housing in the Seventies
(1969), p.9.

  
52
   
The Irish Times
, 10 February 1973.

  
53
   
Ibid.
, 26 September 1973.

  
54
   
Ibid.
, 26 September 1973.

  
55
   
Ibid.
, 1 November 1974.

  
56
   
Ibid.
, 18 February 1971; 1 November 1974; 28 August 1974.

  
57
   
Ibid.
, 28 August 1974.

  
58
   
Ibid.
, 13 December 1974.

  
59
   
Ibid.
, 10 January 1975.

  
60
   
Ibid.
, 19 March 1975.

  
61
   
Ibid.
, 28 October 1987.

  
62
   Minister for the Environment, John Boland, in response to a question on the £5,000 Surrender Grant Scheme, Dáil Eireann, 10 June 1986.

  
63
   
The Irish Times
, 29 March 1985.

  
64
   O’Connell, p.48.

  
65
   
Ibid.
, p.48.

  
66
   
The Irish Times
, 29 March 1985.

  
67
   
Dáil Debates
, 10 June 1986, Vol.367, Paragraph 1,529.

  
68
   O’Connell, p.48.

  
69
   
Ibid.
, p.50.

  
70
   
Ibid.
, p.50.

  
71
   
The Irish Times
, 6 April 1987.

  
72
   
Ibid.
, 1 April 1987.

  
73
   O’Connell, p.47.

  
74
   
The Irish Times
, 25 June 1988.

  
75
   
Ibid.
, 25 June 1988.

  
76
   Department of the Environment, Heritage, and Local Government, ‘House Loans Approved and Paid by Year, House Type New or Second hand and Statistic’ (accessed 15 October 2010).

  
77
   
The Irish Times
, 26 April 1989.

  
78
   Unnamed member of the Irish accountancy industry, quoted in
The Irish Times
, 15 August 1988.

  
79
   
The Irish Times
, 15 August 1988.

  
80
   
Ibid.
, 22 September 1988.

  
81
   
Ibid.
, 25 February 1988.

  
82
   
Ibid.
, 15 August 1988.

  
83
   
Ibid.
, 8 December 1988.

  
84
   
Ibid.
, 8 December 1988.

  
85
   
Ibid.
, 24 November 1988.

  
86
   
Ibid.
, 17 May 1989.

  
87
   
Ibid.
16 January 1992.

  
88
   
Ibid.
, 24 February 1993.

  
89
   
Ibid.
, 27 January 1994.

  
90
   
Ibid.
, 22 July 1994.

  
91
   
Ibid.
, 18 November 1994.

  
92
   
Ibid.
, 2 September 1994.

  
93
   
Ibid.
, 2 September 1994.

  
94
   
Ibid.
, 3 September 1994.

  
95
   
Ibid.
, 24 September 1994.

  
96
   
Ibid.
, 24 September 1994.

  
97
   
Ibid.
, 25 October 1994.

  
98
   
Ibid.
, 3 February 1995.

  
99
   Fahey,
Social Housing in Ireland
(Dublin, 1999), p.5.

100
   Dermot Coates & Michelle Norris,
Supplementary Welfare Allowance, Rent Supplement: Implications for the Implementation of the Rental Accommodation Scheme
(Dublin, 2006), p.54.

101
   
A House of your Own
(1967), p.7.

102
   Anonymous, quoted in
The Irish Times
, 19 March 1998.

103
   
The Irish Times
, 3 February 1998.

104
   ‘McCreevy Announces Green Light For New Urban & Rural Renewal Schemes’, Department of Finance press release, 23 June 1999 (accessed 21 October 2010).

105
   
The Irish Times
, 7 January 1999.

106
   
Ibid.
, 1 February 1999.

107
   
Urban and Rural Renewal Tax Incentive Schemes
(1999), TSG 99/32, Paragraph 34

108
   ‘An Estimate of Vacant Housing in Ireland’,
http://irelandafternama.wordpress.com/2010/01/18/an-estimate-of-vacant-housing-in-ireland/
(accessed 23 October 2010).

109
   
The Irish Times
, 8 October 2007.

110
   
Census
2002
: Volume
13
: Housing
(Dublin, 2004), Table 19, p.42.

111
   
Eurostat Yearbook
2010, p.332. Eurostat puts Irish home ownership at 79 per cent for 2007, whereas the 2006 census puts it at just under 75 per cent. The discrepancy appears to be due to Eurostat, which seems to have calculated the level of renting in the State (just over 20 per cent) and subtracted this figure from the total. There are a number of households which are rent-free but not owner-occupied, and this explains the difference. Even with the higher rate of home ownership in the Eurostat figures, Ireland is eighteenth out of the twenty-nine countries listed. For more detailed figures see
Europe in Figures – Eurostat Yearbook
2010
: Living Conditions and Welfare (tables and graphs)
, figure 6.13.

112
   
Ship of Fools
, p.102.

    
1
   An obvious exception here is concrete and other building materials. For more on this, see Chapter Three.

    
2
   D
igest of evidence taken before Her Majesty’s Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of the law and practice in respect to the occupation of land in Ireland. Part I, House of Lords, Vol. XXXV
(1847), p.73.

    
3
   
Dáil Debates
, 19 September 1922, paragraph 443.

    
4
   Mary E. Daly,
Industrial Development and Irish National Identity,
1922
-
1939 (New York, 1992), p.15.

    
5
   
The Irish Times
, 8 March 1926. Total export sales are listed at £49,752,313, which is £1.83 million short of the figure cited by Daly. The 35 per cent figure is based on
The Irish Times
estimate.

    
6
   Raymond Crotty,
Farming Collapse: National Opportunity
(Naas, 1990), p.5.

    
7
   Sir William Petty, A
Treatise of Ireland
(1687), preface (accessed online, 26 July 2010
http://www.taieb.net/auteurs/Petty/pastimes1.html#00
).

    
8
   Donald Woodward, ‘The Anglo-Irish Livestock Trade of the Seventeenth Century’,
Irish Historical Studies
, Vol.18, No.72 (September 1973), p.514.

    
9
   Woodward, p.490.

  
10
   John Feehan,
Farming in Ireland: History, Heritage and Environment
(Dublin, 2003), p.111.

  
11
   Alice Effie Murray,
A History of the Commercial and Financial Relations between England and Ireland from the Period of the Restoration
(London, 1903), p.24.

  
12
   William J. Smyth, ‘Landholding changes, kinship networks and class formation in rural Ireland: a case study from Co. Tipperary’,
Irish Geography
, Vol. XXI (1983), p.20.

  
13
   Quoted in Raymond Crotty,
Irish Agricultural Production: Its Volume and Structure
(Cork, 1966), p.16.

  
14
   Michael Beames,
Peasants and Power: the Whiteboy Movements and Their Control in Pre-Famine Ireland
(Sussex, 1983), p.27. Tithes were taxes paid to the Church of Ireland.

  
15
   Beames, p.27. The Whiteboys were a secret agrarian society that used violent tactics to defend the rights of tenant farmers.

  
16
   Feehan, p.111.

  
17
   
Ibid.
, p.112.

  
18
   Crotty, p.53.

  
19
   Feehan, p.121.

  
20
   
Occupation of Land in Ireland
, p.73.

  
21
   S.H. Cousens, ‘The regional pattern of emigration during the Great Irish Famine, 1846-51’,
Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)
no.28 (1960), p.121.

  
22
   Paul Bew,
Land and the National Question in Ireland,
1858
-
82 (Dublin,1978), p.9.

  
23
   Fergus Campbell,
Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland
1891
-
1921 (Oxford, 2008), pp12-13.

  
24
   Bew, p.223.

  
25
   Quoted in Tony Varley, ‘A region of sturdy smallholders? Western nationalists and agrarian politics during the First World War’,
Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society
, Vol.55 (2003), p.142, note no.2.

  
26
   
Leitrim Observer
, 6 April 1907.

  
27
   Campbell, p.92.

  
28
   Paul Bew,
Conflict and Conciliation in Ireland
1890
-
1910
: Parnellites and Radical Agrarians
(Oxford, 2002), p.140.

  
29
   Diarmaid Ferriter,
The Transformation of Ireland,
1900
-
2000 (London, 2004), p.69.

  
30
   P.L. Curran,
Kerry and Dexter Cattle
(Dublin, 1990), p.3.

  
31
   Commission of Inquiry into the Resources and Industries of Ireland,
Report on Stock-Breeding Farms for Pure-Bred Dairy Cattle
(Dublin, 1921), p.12.

  
32
   Quoted in
The Irish Times
, 27 August 1910.

  
33
   
Agricultural Statistics
1847
-
1926
: Reports and Tables (
1928
)
, pp88-89.

  
34
   William J. Smyth, ‘Landholding changes, kinship networks and class formation in rural Ireland: a case study from Co. Tipperary’,
Irish Geography
, Vol. XVI (1983), pp27,33.