Slave Next Door (57 page)

www.apilegaloutreach.org

Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc.

564 Market Street, Suite 416

San Francisco, CA 94104

Tel: (408) 554–5368

www.cliniclegal.org

Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST)

5042 Wilshire Boulevard, #586

Los Angeles, CA 90036

Tel: (213) 365–1906

Fax: (213) 365–5257

www.castla.org

Legal Aid Foundation of Los Angeles

(LAFLA)

5228 Whittier Boulevard

Los Angeles, CA 90022

Tel: (213) 640–3900

Fax: (213) 640–3911

www.lafla.org

National Immigration Law Center

405 14th Street, Suite 1400

Oakland, CA 94612

Tel: (510) 663–8282

Fax: (510) 663–2028

www.nilc.org

Florida

Coalition of Immokalee Workers

CIW Anti-Slavery Campaign

P.O. Box 603

Immokalee, FL 34143

Tel: (239) 657–8311

Fax: (239) 657–5055

www.ciw-online.org

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LUCHA: A Women’s Legal Project Florida

Immigrant Advocacy Center

3000 Biscayne Boulevard, Suite 400

Miami, FL 33137

Tel: (305) 573–1106

Fax: (305) 576–6273

www.fiacfla.org

Georgia

Tapestri Inc.

PMB 362

3939 Lavista Road, Suite E

Tucker, GA 30084

Tel: (404) 299–2185

Fax: (770) 270–4184

www.tapestri.org

Hawaii

Na Loio—Immigrant Rights and Public Interest

Legal Center

810 N. Vineyard Boulevard

Honolulu, HI 96817

Tel: (808) 847–8828

Fax: (808) 842–0055

www.naloio.org

Illinois

Counter-Trafficking Services

National Immigrant Justice Center (a Heartland

Alliance partner)

208 S. LaSalle Street, Suite 1818

Chicago, IL 60604

Tel: (312) 660–1370

Fax: (312) 660–1505

www.immigrantjustice.org

International Organization for Adolescents (IOFA)

4305 N. Lincoln Avenue, Suite K

Chicago, IL 60618

Tel: (773) 404–8831

Fax: (773) 404–8842

www.iofa.org

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Maryland

Boat People SOS—Maryland Office

7411 Riggs Road, Suite 328

Adelphi, MD 20783

Tel. (301) 439–0505

Fax (301) 439–6644

Casa de Maryland

734 University Boulevard East

Silver Springs, MD 20903

Tel. (301) 431–4185

www.casademaryland.org

New York

The Door

121 Avenue of the Americas, 30th Floor

New York, NY 10013

Tel: (212) 941–9090

Fax: (212) 941–0714

www.door.org

Immigrant Women and Children Project

City Bar Justice Center

New York City Bar Association

42 West 44th Street

New York, NY 10036

Tel: (212) 382–1370

Fax: (212) 354–7438

www.citybarjusticecenter.org

Safe Horizon

2 Lafayette Street, 3rd Floor

New York, NY 10007

Tel: (212) 577–7700

Fax: (212) 577–3897

www.safehorizon.org

Texas

MOSAIC Family Services

4144 N. Central Expressway, Suite 530

Dallas, TX 75204

Tel: (214) 821–5393

Fax: (214) 821–0810

www.mosaicservices.org

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Political Asylum Project of Austin (PAPA)

One Highland Center

314 E. Highland Mall Boulevard, Suite 501

Austin, TX 78752

Tel: (512) 478–0546

Fax: (512) 476–9788

www.papaustin.org

Boat People SOS—Houston Office

11205 Bellaire Boulevard, Suite B22

Houston, TX 77072

Tel: (281) 530–6888

Fax: (281) 530–6838

Virginia

Boat People SOS

6066 Leesburg Pike, Suite 100

Falls Church, VA 22041

Tel: (703) 538–2190

Fax: (703) 538–2191

www.bpsos.org

Center for Multicultural Human Services Program

for Survivors of Torture and Severe Trauma

701 W. Broad Street, Suite 305

Falls Church, VA 22046

Tel: (703) 533–3302

Fax: (703) 237–2083

www.cmhs.org

Tahirih Justice Center

6066 Leesburg Pike, Suite 220

Falls Church, VA 22041

Tel: (703) 575–0070

Fax: (703) 575–0069

www.tahirih.org

Washington, D.C.

Break the Chain Campaign

Institute for Policy Studies

P.O. Box 34123

Washington, DC 20043

Tel: (202) 234–9382

Fax: (202) 387–7915

www.breakthechaincampaign.org

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FAIR Fund Inc.

P.O. Box 21656

Washington, DC 20009

Tel: (202) 986–5316

www.fairfund.org

Initiative Against Trafficking in Persons,

Global Rights

1200 18th Street NW, Suite 602

Washington, DC 20036

Tel: (202) 741–5033

Fax: (202) 822–4606

www.globalrights.org/trafficking

www.globalrights.org/tratadepersonas

Legal Momentum: Advancing Women’s Rights

Immigrant Women Program

1522 K Street NW, Suite 550

Washington, DC 20005

Tel: (202) 326–0040

Fax: (202) 589–0511

www.legalmomentum.org

Ayuda, Inc.

1707 Kalorama Road NW

Washington, DC 20009

Tel: (202) 387–4848

Fax: (202) 387–0324

www.ayudainc.org

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N O T E S

1 . T H E O L D S L AV E RY A N D T H E N E W

1. “Girl Reunited with Parents,”
Laredo Morning Times,
May 17, 2001.

2. “Woman Sentenced to Life in Prison for Torturing 12-Year-Old Maid,”

Amarillo Globe News,
October 20, 2001.

3. U.S. Department of State,
Trafficking in Persons Report,
June 2006,

www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2006/.

4. U.S. Department of Justice,
Attorney General’s Annual Report to Congress

on U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons for Fiscal Year

2006,
May 2007, www.usdoj.gov/olp/human_trafficking.htm, 17. Other cases

were brought by Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

5. Only one man in U.S. history, a Portland, Maine, sea captain named

Nathaniel Gordon, was ever hanged as a slaver, despite the fact that slave trading—

sailing to Africa, loading your hold with captives, and selling them in America,

Cuba, or Brazil—had been made a capital offense by the Piracy Act of 1820.

Thousands of slave ships sailed to Africa with impunity, as the government and

the navy looked the other way, and the courts did practically nothing to enforce

the slave trade laws. Not until the election of Abraham Lincoln and the advent

of the Civil War was an attempt made to exact the death penalty for this crime

that had led directly to the deaths of millions. For the complete story, see Ron

Soodalter,
Hanging Captain Gordon: The Life and Trial of an American Slave

Trader
(New York: Atria, 2006).

6. Jacqueline Jones,
The Dispossessed: America’s Underclasses from the Civil

War to the Present
(New York: Basic Books, 1992), 107.

7. Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, “Case Study,” available from

LIRS, 700 Light St., Baltimore, MD 21230.

8. Slavery is a patterned relationship that achieves exploitative ends including

appropriation of labor for productive activities resulting in economic gain, use of

the enslaved person as an item of conspicuous consumption, sexual use of an

enslaved person for pleasure and procreation, and the savings gained when paid

servants or workers are replaced with unpaid and unfree workers. Any particu-

lar slave may fulfill one, several, or all of these outcomes for the slaveholder.

Slavery is a relationship between two people. It is both a social and economic

relationship, and like all relationships it has certain characteristics and rules. The

key characteristics of slavery are not about ownership but about how people are

controlled. The core characteristic of slavery throughout history, whether it was

2 7 7

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2 7 8 / N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 4 – 1 8

legal or not, is
violence.
The slave master or slaveholder controls a slave by using or threatening violence. Slavery is about having no choices at all, having no control over your life, and living in constant fear of violence. This is the key to slav-

ery. Violence brings a person into slavery. Many people who become slaves are

tricked into it. Many people, following a trail of lies, walk into enslavement, but

what keeps them there is violence. Once enslaved, there are all sorts of ways that

slaves are held in slavery—sometimes it is the way the slave gives up and gives

into slavery, sometimes it is about the personal relationships that develop

between slaves and slaveholders—but the essential ingredient is violence.

The second key characteristic of slavery is
loss of free will;
slaves are under

the complete control of someone else. There is no other person, authority, or

government the slave can turn to for protection. Slaves must do as they are told

or they will suffer. The third characteristic is that slavery is normally used to

exploit
someone in some kind of economic activity. No one enslaves another

person just to be mean; people are enslaved to make a profit. Most slaveholders

see themselves as normal businesspeople. They have little interest in hurting

anyone, in being cruel or torturing people; it is just part of the job. Slavery is

about money. If we put these characteristics together we can define slavery in

this way:
Slavery is a social and economic relationship in which a person is con-

trolled through violence or its threat, paid nothing, and economically exploited.

Slavery has been defined in many ways—within the social sciences and his-

tory, as well as in legal and international instruments. Many of these definitions

vary significantly from each other. Kevin Bales and Peter Robbins explore the

development of many of these definitions in “No One Shall Be Held in Slavery

or Servitude: A Critical Analysis of International Slavery Agreements,”
Human

Rights Review
2 (January 2001): 18–45.

9. Free the Slaves and Human Rights Center, University of California,

Berkeley,
Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States
(Washington, DC:

Free the Slaves, 2005).

10. Ben Schmitt and Suzette Hackney, “Sex Ring Busted by Kidnapped Girl’s

Tip,”
Detroit Free Press,
January 15, 2003; Suzette Hackney, “Abducted Teen’s

Mother Describes House of Horrors,”
Detroit Free Press,
January 16, 2003;

Suzette Hackney, “More Sex Ring Arrests Likely Today,”
Detroit Free Press,

February 4, 2003; Ben Schmitt, “More Charges in Sex Ring,”
Detroit Free Press,

February 15, 2003; Suzette Hackney, “Man Sentenced in Sex-Ring Case,”

Detroit Free Press,
September 16, 2003.

11. Deborah J. Daniels, “Remarks of the Honorable Deborah J. Daniels,

Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs, at the National

Conference on Human Trafficking, July 15, 2004, Tampa, Florida,”

www.ojp.usdoj.gov/aag/speeches/ncht.htm. It is not clear whether Ms. Daniels

was referring to the proportion of cases known to and prosecuted by the U.S.

government or to all cases in the United States.

2 . H O U S E S L AV E S

1. The great majority of household slaves in America are young women, so

we will usually refer to enslaved domestics as “her” and “she.”

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N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 8 – 3 9 / 2 7 9

2. Free the Slaves and Human Rights Center, University of California at

Berkeley,
Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States
(Washington, DC:

Free the Slaves, 2004) (can be downloaded at www.freetheslaves.net).

3. The story of Ruth Gnizako was related by Joy M. Zarembka in “America’s

Dirty Work: Migrant Maids and Modern-Day Slavery,” in
Global Woman:

Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy,
ed. Barbara Ehrenreich

and Arlie Russell Hochschild (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002), 143–53.

Joy Zarembka is the director of the Break the Chain Campaign in Washington,

DC. For more information about that organization’s work for migrant domestic

worker rights, visit www.ips-dc.org/campaign/index.htm.

4. “A Slavery Case Nears Hearing in Manhattan: Servant Accuses Kuwaiti

Diplomat,”
New York Sun,
August 10, 2004.

5. Quoted in Melissa Dittmann, “What Makes Good People Do Bad

Things?”
Monitor on Psychology
35 (October 2004): 68.

6. “Indonesian Received Less Than $2 a Day, Authorities Say,” Associated

Press, July 28, 2006, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4080380/.