Stalin and His Hangmen (91 page)
Read Stalin and His Hangmen Online
Authors: Donald Rayfield
Tags: #Biography & Autobiography, #Historical, #History, #Modern, #20th Century, #Europe, #General
Buriat Mongols,
182
Bush, George W.,
xxi
Butovo,
303
–4
Butyrki,
64
Cairncross, John,
382
Camus, Albert,
137
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm,
255
Canetti, Elias,
305
Caucasian Social Democrat Party:
2
nd Congress (1904),
27
; expels Stalin for terrorism,
30
Caucasus: population decline,
81
; Stalin’s ruthlessness in,
89
; Stalin’s allies in,
91
; wartime campaign in,
390
;
see also
Georgia; Transcaucasia
censorship,
118
–19,
164
–7,
355
,
408
Chagall, Marc,
428
Chaianov, Aleksandr,
160
,
162
,
467
Chamberlain, Neville,
371
Chaplin, Charlie,
483
Charkviani, Kristopore,
9
Chavchavadze, Ilia,
340
Cheka (Extraordinary Commission): becomes GPU,
9
,
114
; Dzierżyński creates,
54
–6,
64
; interrogation methods,
61
; role and powers,
65
–7,
70
–2; composition and recruitment,
67
–70,
83
–4,
136
; intellectual and organizational functions,
74
–7; killings,
79
–82,
95
–6; women in,
80
; peacetime activities,
94
; funding reduced (1921),
96
; and repression of peasants,
110
; and writers,
111
–12; in Petrograd,
112
–13;
see also
GPU
Cheka’s Smile, The
(anthology),
76
Chekholsky, Daniil,
367
Chekhov, Aleksandr,
355
Chekhov, Anton,
211
,
220
,
355
,
426
Chekhov, Mikhail,
167
Chembarisov, Ivan,
201
Cheptsov, Aleksandr,
437
Chertkova, Lipa,
210
Chertok, I.I.,
296
Chiang Kai-shek,
171
Chicherin, Georgi: appearance,
107
,
469
; warns against anti-Church campaign,
122
; criticizes OGPU,
129
; criticizes Stalin’s anti-peasant policy,
151
; urges restraint on repressive operations abroad,
171
children: care of,
82
; Stalin’s policy towards,
261
–2; denunciations by,
262
–3; indoctrinated,
264
,
280
Chizhikov, Piotr,
35
Chou En-lai,
316
Chudetsky, Pavel,
11
Chukovsky, Kornei,
408
Church
see
Orthodox Church
Churchill, Winston S.,
70
,
137
,
182
,
185
,
370
,
378
,
394
,
405
Clausewitz, Carl Marie von:
On War
,
371
Cleese, John:
Clockwise
,
224
Clementis, Vladislav,
401
Cobbett, William,
265
collectivization,
107
,
148
–9,
152
,
154
,
177
–9,
182
–3,
185
–6,
192
,
195
,
228
,
257
–8,
361
,
405
Comintern: Stalin dominates,
125
; as potential challenge to Stalin,
146
; on Germany as threat,
252
; purged,
316
–17
Commissariat of National Minorities,
125
Communist Academy,
168
Communist Youth Movement,
280
concentration camps,
130
,
176
;
see also
GULAG
Congress of Friends of the USSR (Cologne, 1928),
223
Cossacks: persecuted and killed,
xx
,
80
,
179
–81; anti-Jewish acts,
73
; employ terror,
81
; post-war repatriation of,
403
Court’s Sentence is the People’s Sentence, The
(film),
311
Crimea: in war,
386
; ethnic cleansing in,
394
; proposed as Jewish state,
428
Curzon line (Poland),
88
Czapski, Józef,
366
Dagestani people,
392
Dante Alighieri,
226
;
Inferno
,
343
David IV Aghmashenebeli (‘the Builder’), King of Georgia: ‘Hymn of Penitence VII’,
16
,
429
David XI, King of Kartli,
17
Davies, Joseph,
311
Davitashvili, Zakare,
9
Davydov, Aleksandr (Stalin’s illegitimate son),
41
,
460
death penalty: abolished and reinstated,
95
–6,
114
,
422
,
431
Deich, Iakov,
324
Dekanozov, Vladimir,
346
,
381
,
387
–8,
402
,
452
,
486
Demetradze, Davit,
342
Denikin, General Anton,
73
Denisov (emigré businessman),
161
Derzhavin, Gavriil,
218
Dikgof-Derental, Liubov,
138
Dimanshtein, Semion,
462
Dimitrov, Georgi,
270
,
316
–17,
401
,
436
,
440
Djilas, Milovan:
Conversations with Stalin
,
156
Dmitlag (camps),
303
Dmitrieva, Niura,
263
Dobytin, Fiodor,
177
Dombrovsky, Iuri,
290
Dostoevsky, Fiodor,
4
,
120
,
456
,
459
;
Brothers Karamazov
,
19
–20;
The
Devils
,
22
,
471
; ‘Underground Man’,
46
Draule, Milda (Nikolaev’s wife),
243
Dreiser, Theodore,
271
Dreitser, Efim,
267
Dubrovinsky, Iosif,
40
Duclos, Jacques,
316
Dukhonin, General Nikolai,
114
Duma (parliament): formed,
30
–2; elections,
38
; activities,
53
–4
Duranty, Walter,
175
–6
Dzerzhinsk (town),
xx
Dzhunkovsky, Vladimir,
40
,
136
–7,
304
,
466
Dzierżyński family,
58
Dzierżyńska (Muszkat), Zofia (Feliks’ wife),
62
–3,
85
,
90
,
477
Dzierżyńska-Januszewska, Helena (Feliks’ mother),
57
Dzierżyńska-Kojałłowicz, Aldona (Feliks’ sister),
57
–8,
60
,
62
–3,
461
Dzierżyński, Edmund-Rufin (Feliks’ father),
57
–8
Dzierżyński, Feliks: works with Stalin,
xvii
–
xviii
,
85
,
87
–8-
90
,
98
,
125
,
132
; statue proposed,
xx
; background,
14
,
56
–9; Stalin meets in Stockholm,
29
,
39
; Lenin trusts,
38
; death,
47
,
99
,
133
,
434
; creates and develops Cheka,
54
–6,
64
–6,
84
,
94
; qualities and character,
55
–6,
59
–60,
62
,
206
; supports Stalin,
56
; poetry,
59
,
63
; women friends,
59
–61; exiles and escapes,
60
–4; doctrinaire Bolshevism,
61
; meets Lenin in Stockholm,
61
; marriage to Zofia,
62
–3,
85
,
90
; official positions,
67
,
93
,
97
–8; kidnapped by Social Revolutionaries,
69
; Mandelstam protests to,
77
; and Cheka killings,
79
–80,
82
,
114
; terror methods,
81
; hysterical episodes,
84
; sent to trouble spots,
84
; and Stalin’s Georgia policy,
89
–90; lives in Kremlin,
90
; in Abkhazia,
91
–2; ill health,
91
,
97
,
135
; hostility to Trotsky,
92
–3; and peacetime role of Cheka,
94
–6; and abolition of death penalty,
95
; discipline in Cheka,
95
; Stalin loses confidence in,
95
; achievements,
97
; controls (O)GPU,
97
,
104
,
135
; and economic control,
98
–9; inability to delegate,
98
; and Menzhinsky,
104
,
107
,
110
; and Petrograd Cheka,
113
; and deportation of undesirables,
114
; and Lenin’s purge of intellectuals,
116
–17; anti-clericalism,
120
–1,
123
; Bukharin proposes less repression to,
128–9; on expulsion of profiteers,
128
; on Trotsky’s downfall,
132
; Dzhunkovsky advises,
137
; and Savinkov,
138
; Chertkov meets,
165
; promotes Iagoda,
202
–3; and Kollontai’s behaviour,
260
; and family values,
261
; legacy,
457
;
Diary of a
Prisoner
,
61
–2
Dzierżyński, Jasiek (Feliks’s son),
62
–3,
85
,
463
Efimov, Boris,
480
Egnatashvili, Prince Koba,
7
Egorka (executioner),
61
Ehrenburg, Ilya,
137
,
217
,
270
,
353
–4,
405
–6,
427
–8,
437
Eideman, General Robert,
314
Eiduk, Aleksandr,
76
Eikhe, Robert,
473
Eikhenvald, Leopold,
303
Einstein, Albert,
168
,
355
,
370
,
428
Eisenstein, Sergei,
354
,
371
;
Bezhin
Meadow
(film),
263
,
371
;
Ivan the Terrible
(film),
420
,
480
,
483
Eitingon, Max,
481
Eitingon, Naum (‘General Kotov’),
373
,
382
,
426
,
433
,
454
,
481
Ekaterinburg,
95
Engels, Friedrich:
The Origin of the Family
,
15
,
484
Enukidze, Abel,
186
,
239
,
249
,
311
,
333
–4,
339
,
473
,
477
Epaneshnikov, N.,
75
Epshtein, Shakhno,
425
Estonia: concentration camps in,
81
Estonians: killed by NKVD,
302
,
368
ethnic cleansing and deportation,
303
,
359
–61,
368
,
390
–4,
457
Etinger, Iakov,
432
Evdokimov, Efim,
158
,
178
,
187
,
197
,
275
–6,
293
,
295
–6,
322
Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian
Language
,
15
Ezhov, Nikolai: Stalin appoints and promotes,
xvii
,
200
,
292
–3; initiative, xxiii; arrests,
72
; rise to power,
236
; and Kirov murder,
242
–3; interrogates accused in Kirov assassination,
247
; and Stalin’s meeting with Krupskaia,
258
; and Piatakov’s request to shoot wife,
262
; heads and reconstitutes NKVD,
264
,
273
–5,
287
,
293
,
295
–9,
339
,
425
; and retrial and execution of Kamenev and Zinoviev,
266
,
268
,
270
,
272
; visits Maria Tomskaia,
269
; and interrogation of Iagoda,
276
–7,
279
; role in Great Terror,
285
–6,
296
–300,
302
–5,
312
,
324
,
347
,
457
; background, career and character,
287
–93,
344
; health,
289
,
292
; marriages,
289
,
292
; and preparation of show trials,
295
,
306
–7; campaign against common criminals,
300
; expands GULAG,
300
–1; and ethnic victims,
302
,
359
–61; killings,
302
; vanishes,
304
; and Bukharin’s trial,
310
; and purge of Red Army,
313
–16; Piatnitsky accuses of cruelty,
317
; persecutes writers,
320
; Sholokhov denounces to Stalin,
321
–2; honoured and promoted,
324
–5; under threat,
325
–7; and wife’s death,
327
; interrogation and trial,
328
–9; shot,
329
; and Spanish Civil War,
352
; attends Communist Academy,
384
; purges Leningrad,
432