Stalin and His Hangmen (94 page)

Kochkarov, Colonel Unukh,
391

Kogan, Lazar,
176

Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr,
87

Kollontai, Aleksandra,
90
,
259
–61,
280

Koltsov, Mikhail,
70
,
249
,
351
–3,
366
,
384
,
480

Koltsov, Nikolai,
358

Komarnicki, Wacław,
366

Komarov, V.I.,
429

Kondratiev, Nikolai,
160
,
162

Konev, Marshal I.S.,
403
,
452

Konstantinov, Vladimir,
327

Korean War (1950–53),
413
,
446

Koreans,
360
,
480

Kork, General Avgust,
314

Korneev, Ivan,
468

Korolenko, Vladimir,
66
,
117
,
190

Koroliov, Sergei,
354

Korvin-Kriukovsky (provocateur),
112

Kosarev, Aleksandr,
242

Kosior, Stanislav,
186
–7,
272

Kostov, Traicho,
440

Kosygin, Aleksei,
431
,
482

Kot, Stanisław,
424

Kotolynov, Ivan,
247

Kozlov, General,
389

Kraków,
38
,
43

Krasin, Leonid,
28
,
64

Krestinsky, Nikolai,
117

Kristopore II (Georgian Catholicos),
336

Kriuchkov, Piotr,
209
,
219
–20,
277
–8

Krivitsky, Valter,
353

Kronstadt,
82
,
88
,
111
–12

Kropotkin, Prince Piotr,
66

Kruglov, Sergei,
346
,
393
,
416
,
443
,
448
–9,
454

Krupskaia, Maria,
164

Krupskaia, Nadezhda: in Geneva,
27
; warns Stalin against trap,
38
; Menzhinsky works with,
105
; and Petrograd Cheka,
113
; and Trotsky’s dispute with Stalin,
134
; illiberality towards writers,
164
,
166
; influence and protests,
257
–8; Stalin abuses,
257
–8,
474
; and condemnation of Piatnitsky,
317
; death,
475

Krylenko, Nikolai: background,
114
; as prosecutor,
114
,
129
,
157
,
159
,
162
,
250
–1; recommends criminals as executioners,
130
; qualities,
157
,
467
; im campaign against peasants,
176
,
178
; and vengeance against Kirov conspirators,
245
; and Kollontai,
259

Ksenofontov, Ivan,
67
,
84

Kudasheva, Maria (Mme Romain Rolland),
222

Kuibyshev, Valerian: letter from Dzierżyński,
100
; works with Stalin,
124
–5; and sentence on Riutin,
233
; death,
260
,
277
; and Ezhov,
290

kulaks: persecuted,
147
–50,
167
,
177
–9,
181
–3,
185
–7,
219
; and Morozov affair,
262
–3; as forced labour,
265
; in Novosibirsk,
299
; deported from Baltic states,
398

Kulik, Marshal Grigori: wife killed,
350

Kulik, Kira (Marshal Kulik’s second wife),
350

Kultiapy (executioner),
130

Kun, Béla,
78
,
80
,
125
,
252
,
347
,
388

Kuraev, Vasili,
117

Kurchatov, Igor,
418
–19

Kurds,
361
,
422

Kureika,
41
–2

Kurnatovsky, Dr Viktor,
25

Kursky, Vladimir,
296

Kutaisi,
26

Kutiopov, General Aleksandr,
171
–2

Kuusinen, Otto,
125
,
252
,
316

Kuzakov, Konstantin (Stalin’s supposed son),
35

Kuzakova, Matriona,
35

Kuzmin, Mikhail,
105
,
107
–9,
112

Kuznetsov, Aleksei,
421
,
431
,
455
,
483

Lācis, Mārtiņš,
69
,
71
–2,
76
,
84
,
121

Lakoba, Mikhail,
294
,
476

Lakoba, Nestor: death,
xxiii
,
295
,
326
,
339
; relations with Stalin,
91
–2,
294
; Ezhov stays with,
291
; Stalin considers to head NKVD,
293
–4; family persecuted and killed,
295
; Beria and,
336
–8,
476

Lakoba, Rauf,
295
,
337

Lakoba, Sarie,
294
–5,
334

Lakoba, Shahsna (Lakoba’s mother),
295

Lakoba, Urus,
476

Laletin, Ivan,
41

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste,
357

Lamsdorf, Baron Vladimir,
469

Landau, Lev,
356
,
437

Lange, Antoni,
59
,
63

Langfang, Aleksandr,
316
,
347
,
453
–4

Larichev (economist),
162

Larina-Bukharina, Anna,
154

Latvia: independence (1919),
69
; partisans in,
398
; Beria relaxes regime in,
446

Latvians: in Cheka,
67
–72,
136
; killed by NKVD,
302
,
360
,
368

Lavrov, Vladimir,
10

Lebedev-Poliansky, Pavel,
118
,
164

‘Left-Right Fraction’,
230

Lenin, Vladimir: seizes power, xix; in Geneva,
27
; Stalin meets (1905),
28
; and weak Russian government,
33
; Stalin writes to in Zurich,
35
; praises Stalin,
38
,
49
; Stalin acknowledges as leader,
43
–4,
49
; and Stalin’s ruthlessness,
48
,
89
; uses any means for end,
49
; belief in democratic centralism,
50
,
94
; arrives in Petrograd (1917),
53
–4; heads revolutionary government,
54
; marriage,
56
; Dzierżyński meets,
61
; and role of Cheka,
64
,
66
,
78
,
96
; in Politbiuro,
67
; assassination attempt on,
78
–9; favours hangings over shootings,
79
; uses terror,
81
–2; on effect of typhus,
82
; uses Dzierżyński for special missions,
85
; humiliates Voroshilov,
87
; and war with Poland,
88
; and Stalin’s policy in Georgia,
89
; decline and death,
90
–2,
98
–9,
103
,
124
; last will and testament (‘Letter to the Congress’),
93
,
125
,
146
; succession question,
93
,
125
–6,
145
–6,
148
; pleads for killing to stop,
95
; Dzierżyński idolizes,
97
; Menzhinsky works with,
105
; Menzhinsky criticizes,
106
; and peasant unrest,
111
; and Petrograd Cheka,
113
; and deportation of undesirables,
114
; condemns intellectuals,
115
–17; permits Bialik to leave,
115
; reads literature for publication,
118
; suppresses Orthodox Church,
119
–21; advocates hanging nationalists in neighbouring countries,
136
; Vyshinsky issues warrant for arrest,
157
; favours Pavlov,
168
; despises peasants,
175
; opposition group purged,
249
; mummification,
257
; and family values,
261
;
Materialism and
Empirocriticism
,
22

Leningrad (St Petersburg; Petrograd):
19
th-century conditions,
4
; ‘Bloody Sunday’ (January 1905),
28
; renamed (Petrograd),
42
; Bolshevik rule in,
66
; Cheka’s infiltration of unions in,
94
; strikes in,
111
; Cheka’s activities in,
112
–13; and Kronstadt rebellion,
112
; population changes,
127
–8; and Kirov murder,
239
,
242
,
245
,
248
; criminals in,
300
; executions and disposal of bodies in,
301
–3; siege casualties,
396
,
482
; writers repressed in,
419
; Stalin’s campaign against,
430
–2; Zhdanov in,
431

‘Leningrad centre’,
245

Leningrad Martyrology
,
302

Leninism: as Stalin’s ideal,
43

Leonidze, Giorgi,
341

Leonov, Leonid,
211

Leontiev, Konstantin,
120

Leontiev, Nikolai,
34

Leopold II, King of the Belgians, xix

Leplevsky, Izrail,
314

Lermontov, Mikhail,
218

Lesiuchevsky, Nikolai,
319

Leskov, Nikolai,
4
,
426

Levin, Dr Leonid,
220
–1,
276
,
278

Lewandowska, Janina,
363

Liapunov, Aleksandr,
115

Lie, Trygve,
271

Likhachiov, Colonel M.T.,
429

Lilina, Zlata,
90

linguistics,
358
–9,
413

Lipetsk,
254
–5

Literary Georgia
(journal),
341

literature: restrictions and censorship of,
118
–19,
164
–7,
211
,
226
–7,
408
,
420
; under control of state,
212
,
216
–18,
224
–6;
see also
writers

Lithuania: NKVD killings in,
368
; resistance in,
398
–9; Beria relaxes regime in,
446

Litvin, Daniil,
298

Litvinov, Maksim,
253
,
275
,
317
,
351
,
353
–4,
370
,
425
,
474

Liushkov, Genrikh,
188
,
298
,
325
,
327

Lloyd George, David,
88
,
447

Lockhart, John Gibson:
Napoleon
Buonaparte
,
143

Lominadze, Beso,
229
–31,
233
,
340
,
472

Lopukhin, Alexei,
204

Lourié, Moise,
268

Lozinsky, Mikhail,
226

Luca, Vasile,
401

Lunacharsky, Anatoli,
111
–12,
118
–19,
121
,
130
,
164
,
211

Luppol, Ivan,
355

Lurié, Aleksandr,
202

Luxembourg, Rosa,
97

Luzin, Nikolai,
356

Lwów,
389

Lysenko, Trofim,
356
–7,
480

Machiavelli, Niccolò,
226
,
246
;
The Prince
,
21
–2,
24

Maclean, Donald,
382

Maga (chekist executioner),
80

Mairanovsky, Grigori,
402
,
456

Maisky, Ivan,
353
–4,
425

Maizel, Revekka,
68

Makharadze, Pilipe,
19
,
25
,
89

Makhno, Nestor,
81

Malenkov, Georgi: complicity in Terror,
285
; suppresses Bukhara rising,
289
; as Central Committee personnel officer,
305
,
385
; Stalin favours,
380
,
414
; Mekhlis works with,
385
; reorganizes arts,
408
; powers curtailed,
409
; and fall of Molotov,
415
; demoted and reinstated,
416
,
419
,
421
,
483
; attacks literati,
419
,
425
; in anti-Jewish campaign,
429
; Suslov and Kosygin ally with,
431
; and arrest and interrogation of Abakumov,
433
–4,
455
; and succession to Stalin,
435
,
437
,
444
; and Stalin’s death,
442
; opposes Beria’s liberal administration,
446
; plots Beria’s downfall,
448
–52; and punishment of Beria’s associates,
453
,
485
; death,
456

Maliantovich, Pavel,
158

Malinovsky, Roman,
36
,
38
,
40
–1,
136
,
157

Malkov, Pavel,
79

Malraux, André,
137
,
217
,
222
–3,
352
–3

Maltsev, Major Ivan,
299
–300

Maltsev, General Mikhail,
418

Mamulashvili, Mariam,
8

Mamulashvili, Vano (Stalin’s cousin),
8

Mandelstam, Nadezhda,
291

Mandelstam, Osip: on reading,
21
; and Bliumkin,
77
; Larisa Reisner protects,
90
; protests against regime,
159
,
163
,
223
–6; abandons poetry,
165
; on atrocities in countryside,
189
,
222
; sent to Siberia,
211
; meets Ezhov at Sukhum,
291
; persecution and death,
318
–19,
323
; Mitsishvili and,
342
;
Armenian Cycle
,
224