CHAPTER TWELVE
Interviews:
Joan Cooney, Susan Erion, Brian Garfield, Robert Hatch, Loretta Long, Bob McGrath, Frank Oz, Dolores Robinson, and Caroll Spinney.
Additional Sources:
Unless otherwise noted, all quotes are from the author’s interviews, the Archive of American Television oral history DVDs, and
Children’s Television Workshop, The Early Years: An Oral History
by Robert Davidson (CTW, 1993); Jon Stone quotes are from his unpublished memoir.
1
Dave Connell, interview by Richard Polsky, 21.
2
Her cohost was the estimable Dr. Alvin F. Poussaint, an Ivy League-trained psychiatrist who was born in East Harlem.
3
Brooks Atkinson, “‘Waiting for Lefty’ and a Program of Sketches and Improvisations by the Group Theatre,”
New York Times
, February 11, 1935.
4
Also appearing in the special were Lesley Gore—“It’s My Party”—as Little Bo Peep and the musical group The First Edition—“Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)”—later Kenny Rogers and The First Edition.
5
The former Betty Toshiko was married to Chet for twenty-five years. The third of his three wives, she died in 1989.
6
Quotes from this and subsequent passages from Chet O’Brien were obtained with permission from
Tripping the Light Fantastic,
his unpublished autobiography completed in 1989. O’Brien’s nephew, the California-based writer Brian Garfield, collaborated on the high-dish, laugh-loaded manuscript. Garfield generously provided additional material and reflections by e-mail.
7
The dialogue in this section was obtained by the author during multiple interviews with Caroll Spinney and from passages in an interview with him conducted by the Television Academy, as well as from his book,
The Wisdom of Big Bird.
8
Spinney,
The Wisdom of Big Bird
, 22.
9
Apologies—and a deep bow—are offered to Rod Serling, from whose fertile mind sprang the greatest of all anthology series,
The Twilight Zone
.
10
Connell, Stone, and Gibbon thought that was nonsense, based on their years of experience on
Captain Kangaroo.
As a “teacher,” Mr. Moose was every bit as effective as the Captain or Mr. Green Jeans. Children respond to a smart, funny script and a professional performance, whether it be from a sentient being or a sock with Ping-Pong-ball eyes. “When the suggestion was made to put Muppet characters right into the show, I thought it was just fine,” said Palmer, the research scientist. Maybe it was because he had small children at home watching the Captain.
11
Barbara Delatiner, “NBC Special to Prevue ‘Sesame Street’ Series,
New York Newsday
, October 17, 1969.
12
The unions also granted an exemption for a commercial station in Ohio.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Interviews:
Dolores Robinson
Additional Sources:
Sesame Workshop provided DVDs of the first five episodes of
Sesame Street.
Unless otherwise noted, all quotes are from the author’s interviews, the Archive of American Television oral history DVDs, and
Children’s Television Workshop, The Early Years: An Oral History
by Robert Davidson (CTW, 1993); Jon Stone quotes are from his unpublished memoir.
1
The episode in its entirety is included in
Sesame Street Old School, Volume 1,
a three-disc boxed set released in 2006.
Old School, Volume 2
followed in 2007.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Interviews:
Frank Biondo, Bernie Brillstein, Chris Cerf, Joan Cooney, Alan Connell, Jan Connell, Mike Dann, Jason Epstein, Emily Kingsley, Loretta Long, Lloyd Morrisett, and Norton Wright.
Additional Sources:
Unless otherwise noted, all quotes are from the author’s interviews, the Archive of American Television oral history DVDs, and
Children’s Television Workshop, The Early Years: An Oral History
by Robert Davidson (CTW, 1993); Jon Stone quotes are from his unpublished memoir.
1
Leo Seligsohn, “Sesame Street,”
New York Newsday
, February 9, 1970.
2
Jack Gould, “This Sesame May Open the Right Doors,”
New York Times
, November 23, 1969.
3
“Sesame Street: Wunderkind,”
Variety
, December 24, 1969.
4
Cecil Smith, “Sesame Street Geared to Preschoolers,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 10, 1969.
5
Stefan Kanfer, “Who’s Afraid of Big, Bad TV?”
Time
, November 23, 1970.
Time
’s competitor
Newsweek
also weighed in with its glowing evaluation: “While the show is candy to children, it is as good for them as spinach.”
6
Nixon letter courtesy Sesame Workshop Archives.
7
Miriam Jacobs, “Puppets, Jingles, Cartoons Spark Kids on Sesame Street,”
Wood-bridge (NJ) News Tribune
, April 30, 1970.
8
Leo Seligsohn, “Backstage at Sesame Street,”
New York Newsday
, February 9, 1970.
9
Bereiter quoted in Robert W. Morrow’s
Sesame Street and the Reform of Children’s Television
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 145.
10
Urie Bronfenbrenner, “Who Lives on Sesame Street?”
Psychology Today
, October 1970.
11
Lee Kottke, “Producer Answers Sesame Street Critics,”
Chicago Daily News
, May 20, 1970.
12
Arnold Arnold, “Writer Attacks Sesame Street,”
Hackensack (NJ) Record
, August 5, 1970.
13
Richard K. Doan, “Kindergarten May Never Be the Same Again,”
Childhood Education
, July 1970.
14
Ron Powers, “Some Changes for Sesame Street,”
Long Island Press
, July 16, 1970.
15
“Mississippi Agency Votes for a TV Ban on ‘Sesame Street,’”
New York Times
, May 3, 1970.
16
“Mississippi Bars Sesame Street,”
Chicago Sun-Times
, May 2, 1970.
17
“Mississippi Agency Votes for a TV Ban on ‘Sesame Street,’”
New York Times
, May 3, 1970.
18
Harry Harris, “Capt. Kangaroo Had Ideas, ‘Sesame’ Gets Prizes,”
Philadelphia Inquirer,
May 19, 1970.
19
Les Brown, “Licensing Credo of ‘Sesame Street’: You Can’t Toy Around with Poor Kids,”
Variety
, August 26, 1970.
20
Horne, an African American, was yet another
Captain Kangaroo
production veteran who signed on with CTW. In later years he was head of international production for
Sesame Street
.
21
Marvin Kitman, “Truly the Talleyrand,”
New York Newsday
, June 24, 1970.
22
“Mr. Dann of Sesame Street,”
Time
, July 6, 1970.
23
Variety
article quoted in Kitman, “Truly the Talleyrand,” June 24, 1970.
24
“BBC Doesn’t Buy Sesame Street,”
Washington Post
, September 8, 1971.
25
Reprinted in Lisa Grunwald,
Women’s Letters: America from the Revolutionary War to the Present
(New York: Dial Press, 2005), 657.
26
Later Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal went on to become an Academy Award-nominated screenwriter (
Running on Empty
) and mother to actors Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Interviews:
Linda Bove, Fran Brill, Chris Cerf, Judy Collins, Emilio Delgado, Danny Epstein, Brian Garfield, Jane Hunt, Kate Hunt, Emily Kingsley, Loretta Long, Frank Oz, Sonia Manzano, Jerry Nelson, Dolores Robinson, Marty Robinson, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Lisa Simon, Dulcy Singer, Caroll Spinney, Norman Stiles, and James Taylor.
Additional Sources:
Sesame Workshop provided DVDs of
Sesame Street
episodes that featured appearances by Judy Collins, Buffy Sainte-Marie, and James Taylor. Videos also available on
www.youtube.com
. Unless otherwise noted, all quotes are from the author’s interviews, the Archive of American Television oral history DVDs, and
Children’s Television Workshop, The Early Years: An Oral History
by Robert Davidson (CTW, 1993); Jon Stone quotes are from his unpublished memoir.
1
In his
New York Times
review, Mel Gussow refers to Robinson’s creation as “a pistil-packing vampire.” “Musical: A Cactus Owns ‘Little Shop of Horrors,’”
New York Times
, May 30, 1982.
2
Elizabeth Blair, “Cookie Monster: A Sweet, Sensual Id, Unfiltered,”
All Things Considered
, February 10, 2008, National Public Radio,
www.npr.org
.
3
“TV’s Switched-on School,”
Newsweek
, June 1, 1970.
4
The CBS special, which aired December 20, 1970, was written by Jerry Juhl, with music from Joe Raposo. Art Carney starred. In addition to Fran Brill (performing the Frackle named Snerf ), the Muppet players included Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson, Richard Hunt, John Lovelady, and Marilyn Sokol.
5
Srianthi Perera, “She Loves Her Life on the ‘Street,’ ”
Arizona Republic
, December 27, 2007.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Interviews:
Chris Cerf, Pat Collins, Joan Cooney, Robert Hatch. Sharon Lerner, Alan Menken, and Nick Raposo.
Additional Sources:
Unless otherwise noted, all quotes are from the author’s interviews, the Archive of American Television oral history DVDs, and
Children’s Television Workshop, The Early Years: An Oral History
by Robert Davidson (CTW, 1993); Jon Stone quotes are from his unpublished memoir.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Interviews:
Dr. Lewis Bernstein, Linda Bove, George Clash, Gladys Clash, Kevin Clash, Emilio Delgado, Bob McGrath, Sharon Lerner, Dr. Loretta Long, Kate Lucas, Sonia Manzano, Alison Bartlett O’Reilly, Roscoe Orman, Dulcy Singer, Caroll Spinney, Norman Stiles, Beverley Stone, Polly Stone, and Vanessa Williams.
Additional Sources:
Sesame Workshop provided a DVD of the episode in which Mr. Hooper (Will Lee) was memorialized. Unless otherwise noted, all quotes are from the author’s interviews, the Archive of American Television oral history DVDs, and
Children’s Television Workshop, The Early Years: An Oral History
by Robert Davidson (CTW, 1993); Jon Stone quotes are from his unpublished memoir.
1
It proved to be a source of tension that literally followed both around the world, rupturing in Asia during the taping of the special,
Big Bird in China
.
2
Fred M. Hechinger, “About Education: ‘Sesame Street’ After 10 Years,”
New York Times
, November 6, 1979.
3
Marah Nichols, “ ‘Sesame’ Actor Found Innocent,”
Nashville Banner
, January 29, 1982.
5
Scott Moore, “He’s Got the Whole World in His Hand,”
Washington Post
, December 1, 1996.
6
Sandy Banisky, “Puppets Are Stars of His Show,”
Baltimore Sun
, April 16, 1976.
7
Gerri Kobren, “A Turner Station Puppeteer Joins Captain Kangaroo,”
Baltimore Sun,
September 21, 1980.
8
Kevin Clash with Gary Brozek,
My Life as a Furry Red Monster: What Being Elmo Has Taught Me About Life, Love and Laughing Out Loud
(New York: Broadway Books, 2006).
9
Diane Werts, “He’s Elmo! The Man Behind the Cheerful Red Muppet Is a Serious, Organized Guy Who Has Been a Professional Puppeteer Since 10th Grade,”
Newsday
, February 19, 1998.
10
Moss mixes fantasy and reality in ways a viewer could not have known. In real life, Sonia Manzano and Linda Bove had forged a sisterly bond during their years together on the set. Manzano, who had begun writing for the show by the mid-1980s, wove her colleague into segments, allowing the deaf actress to express her full range of acting abilities. It made complete sense that Bove would play Manzano’s maid of honor. Also, the young actor playing Miles is Roscoe Orman’s real-life son, also named Miles, and the light of Orman’s life.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Interviews:
Martin G. Baker, Annie Boylan Moss, Molly Boylan, Fran Brill, Bernie Brillstein, David V. B. Britt, Chris Cerf, Stephanie D’Abruzzo, Danny Epstein, George Clash, Gladys Clash, Kevin Clash, Pat Collins, Alan Connell, Jan Connell, Judy Freudberg, Tony Geiss, Sam Gibbon, Linda Gottlieb, Jane Henson, Jane Hunt, Kate Hunt, Emily Kingsley, Kate Lucas, David Lazer, Sonia Manzano, Jerry Nelson, Arthur Novell, Rosie O’Donnell, Frank Oz, Marty Robinson, David Rudman, Craig Shemin, Dulcy Singer, Caroll Spinney, Beverley Stone, Polly Stone, and Mo Willems.
Additional Sources:
Sesame Workshop provided DVDs of the Henson memorial and of the PBS special
Sing! Sesame Street Remembers Joe Raposo and His Music
. Unless otherwise noted, all quotes are from the author’s interviews, the Archive of American Television oral history DVDs, and
Children’s Television Workshop, The Early Years: An Oral History
by Robert Davidson (CTW, 1993); Jon Stone quotes are from his unpublished memoir.
1
Theresa G. Di Maio and Vincent J. M. Di Maio,
Excited Delirium Syndrome: Cause of Death and Prevention
(Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006), 1-3.
2
Rob Owen, “Q/A with Stephanie D’Abruzzo,”
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, January 14, 2007.
3
Stephanie D’Abruzzo provided a recollection in writing about this painful day in her life. Her quotes in this passage were extracted from that remembrance.
4
Vincent Canby, reflecting a majority view among critics, drubbed
The Dark Crystal
in his
New York Times
review of December 17, 1982. He described it as “without any narrative drive . . . charm as well as interest.” Canby likened Henson to comedians who yearn to do Shakespeare. “Henson . . . and Frank Oz, his longtime associate, have apparently dreamed of creating mechanical marvels more significant and timeless than the irrepressible Miss Piggy and her pals. The result is
The Dark Crystal
, which aims, I think, to be a sort of Muppet
Paradise Lost
but winds up as watered down J. R. R. Tolkien.”
Roger Ebert is kinder to Henson is his review of
Labyrinth
in the June 27, 1986,
Chicago Sun-Times.
While the Pulitzer Prize-winning critic describes it as overly long and lacking narrative structure, he commends Henson for a film “that obviously was made with infinite care and pains.”
Henson devotees and fantasy film enthusiasts regard both pictures as small master-pieces. Thanks to DVD reissues, they live on as something more than curiosities. This is especially true of
Labyrinth,
which starred an eerie David Bowie and an adolescent Jennifer Connelly. In 2001, Connelly won an Academy Award for
A Beautiful Mind.
5
Kim Masters, “Disney’s Muppet Miasma; Corporate Style, Henson’s Death Complicates a Deal-in-Waiting,”
Washington Post
, June 13, 1990.
6
The company keeps in its employ an archivist in Karen Falk, who goes about her work with the same fastidiousness one would expect from a curator at the Smithsonian.
7
Caroll Spinney with J Milligan,
The Wisdom of Big Bird
, 111-12.
8
Henson’s father, Paul, married his sister-in-law after the death of his wife. He outlived two sons.
9
Richard W. Stevenson, “Muppets Join Disney Menagerie,”
New York Times
, August 29, 1989.
10
There is no greater monument to Henson than this twelve-minute shower of soap bubbles, cream pies, cannonballs, puns, and mayhem, an attraction found both at Disney World and at Disney’s California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California. It continues to astound and delight.
11
Michael Riley, “Stuuuupendous!”
Time
, December 21, 1992.
12
Stephanie Anderson Forest, “Wouldn’t You Like to Knock the Stuffing Out of Barney?”
Business Week
, August 16, 1993.
13
James Gorman, “Of Dinosaurs Why Must This One Thrive?”
New York Times
, April 11, 1993.
14
“Barney Backlash,”
National Review
, November 29, 1993.
15
Jack Mathews, “Counting to 25,” TV Times,
Los Angeles Times
, November 21-27, 1993.
16
Erik Eckholm, “Move Over Grover. Here’s Zoe,”
New York Times
, August 20, 1993.
17
A PBS revival of the series was planned for 2009.
18
Background and quotes from this passage were adapted from a moving eulogy Norman Stiles offered at a memorial service for Jeff Moss.
19
Moss succeeded Jon Stone as head writer in 1969 once production of the series began in earnest.
20
Ben Brantley, “A Feeling You’re Not on Sesame Street,”
New York Times
, August 1, 2003.
21
Jake Tapper, “Is This Town Big Enough for Two Puppet Boulevards?”
New York Times
, July 27, 2003.
22
In the early-to-mid-1980s, the author’s two daughters used to sit mesmerized in front of the home screen watching Disney classics on VHS. He referred to these bouts of tele-intoxication as “video benders.”
23
Among them was Tony Geiss, Freudberg’s writing partner on director Don Bluth’s 1986 full-length animated film
An American Tail
, the best Disney film Disney never made. One cannot claim to be movie literate unless one has screened
An American Tail
. It may be coexecutive producer Steven Spielberg’s least-appreciated triumph.