Super Immunity (40 page)

12
. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88(21): 1550–9.

13
. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, et al. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention. JAMA 2007; 297: 842–57.

14
. Whiting SJ, Lemke B. Excess retinol intake may explain the high incidence of osteoporosis in northern Europe. Nutr Rev 1999; 57(6): 192–95.

15
. Melhus H, Michaelson K, Kindmark A, et al. Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk of hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129(10): 770–78.

16
. Charles D, Ness AR, Campbell D, et al. Taking folate in pregnancy and risk of maternal breast cancer. BMJ 2004; 329(7479): 1375–76.

17
. Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Chang S, Leitzmann MF, et al. Folate intake, alcohol use, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83(4): 895–904.

18
. Whitrow MJ, Moore VM, Rumbold AR, et al. Effect of supplemental folic acid in pregnancy on childhood asthma: a prospective birth cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 1486–93. Haberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, et al. Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory health. Arch Dis Child 2009; 94: 180–84. Kallen B. Congenital malformations in infants whose mothers reported the use of folic acid in early pregnancy in Sweden: a prospective population study. Congenit Anom 2007; 47: 119–24.

19
. Fife J, Raniga S, Hider PN, Frizelle FA. Folic acid supplementation and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13(2): 132–37.

20
. Figueiredo JC, Grau MV, Haile RW, et al. Folic acid and risk of prostate cancer: results from a randomized clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(6): 432–35.

21
. Ebbing M, Bønaa KH, Nygård O, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B
₁₂
. JAMA 2009; 302(19): 2119–26.

22
. Ebbing M, Bønaa KH, Nygård O, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B
₁₂
. JAMA 2009; 302(19): 2119–26.

23
. Figueiredo JC, Grau MV, Haile RW, et al. Folic acid and risk of prostate cancer: results from a randomized clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, Mar 18; 101(6): 432–35. Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Cerhan JR, et al. Dietary folate intake, alcohol, and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Epidemiol 2001, Jul; 12(4): 420–28. Shrubsole MJ, Jin F, Dai Q, et al. Dietary folate intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Res 2001, Oct 1; 61(19): 7136–41.

24
. Schlotz W, Jones A, Phillips DI, et al. Lower maternal folate status in early pregnancy is associated with childhood hyperactivity and peer problems in offspring. J Child Psychol & Psych 2010, May; 51(5): 594–602.

25
. Kwan ML, Jensen CD, Block G, et al. Maternal diet and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pub Health Rep 2009, Jul–Aug; 124(4): 503–14.

26
. Petridou E, Ntouvelis E, Dessypris N, et al. Maternal diet and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in young children. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2005, Aug; 14(8): 1935–39. Huncharek M, Kupelnick B. A meta-analysis of maternal cured meat consumption during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors. Neuroepidemiol 2004, Jan–Apr; 23(1–2): 78–84. Pogoda JM, Preston-Martin S, Howe G, et al. An international case-control study of maternal diet during pregnancy and childhood brain tumor risk: a histology-specific analysis by food group. Ann Epidemiol 2009, Mar; 19(3): 148–60.

27
. Turnlund JR, Jacob RA, Keen CL, et al. Long-term high copper intake: effects on indexes of copper status, antioxidant status, and immune function in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 Jun; 79(6): 1037–44.

28
. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, et al. Dietary copper and high saturated and trans fat intakes associated with cognitive decline. Arch Neurol 2006, Aug; 63(8): 1085–88.

29
. Ascherio A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Dietary iron intake and risk of coronary disease among men. Circulation 1994; 89(3): 969–74. Morrison HI, Semenciw RM, Mao Y, et al. Serum iron and risk of fatal acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiol1994; 5(2): 243–46.

30
. Clarke TB, Davis KM, Lysenko ES, et al. Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity. Nat Med 2010; 16: 228–31.

31
. de Vrese M, Rautenberg P, Laue C, et al. Probiotic bacteria reduced duration and severity but not the incidence of common cold episodes in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Vaccine 2006; 24: 6670–74. Pregliasco F, Anselmi G, Fonte L, et al. A new chance of preventing winter diseases by the administration of symbiotic formulations. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42(3 Suppl): S224-S233. Tiollier E, Chennaoui M, Gomez-Merino D, et al. Effect of a probiotics supplementation on respiratory infections and immune and hormonal parameters during intense military training. Mil Med 2007; 172: 1006–11. Kekkonen RA., Vasankari TJ, Vuorimaa T, et al. The effect of probiotics on respiratory infections and gastrointestinal symptoms during training in marathon runners. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2007; 17: 352–63. Kekkonen RA. Lummela N, Karjalainen H, et al. Probiotic intervention has strain specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 2029–36.

32
. He FJ, MacGregor GA. A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. J Hum Hypertens, 2009; 23(6): 363–84.

33
. Sanders, PW. Vascular consequences of dietary salt intake. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297(2): 237–43. Simon, G. Experimental evidence for blood pressure-independent vascular effects of high sodium diet. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16(12): 1074–78.

34
. Dickinson KM, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93(3): 500–505. Lin J Hu FB, Curhan GC. Association of diet with albuminuria and kidney function decline. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5(5): 836–43.

35
. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2007; 115(4): 459–67.

36
. Teucher B, Dainty JR, Spinks CA, et al. Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Bone Min Res 2008; 23(9): 1477–85. Heaney RP. Role of dietary sodium in osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr 2006; 25(3 Suppl): 271S–276S.

37
. Sonnenberg, A. Dietary salt and gastric ulcer. Gut 1986; 27(10): 1138–42. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S. Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. Gastr Cancer 2007; 10(2): 75–83.

38
. de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Harmful effects of dietary salt in addition to hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16(4): 213–23.

39
. Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, Rastenyte D, et. al. Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 357 (9259): 848–51.

40
. Huxley R, Man Ying Lee C, Barzi F, et al. Coffee, Decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169(22): 2053–63.

41
. Greenberg JA, Owen DR, Geliebter A. Decaffeinated coffee and glucose metabolism in young men. Diab Care 2010; 33: 278–80.

42
. Pereira MA, Parker ED, Folsom AR. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28, 812 postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1311–16. Van Dijk AE, Olthof MR, Meeuse JC, et al. Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on glucose tolerance. Diab Care 2009; 32: 1023–25.

43
. Mikuls TR, Julian BA, Bartolucci A, et al. Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Arth & Rheum 2002; 46(1): 83–91.

44
. Noordzij M, Uiterwaal CS, Arends LR, et al. Blood pressure response to chronic intake of coffee and caffeine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 921–28. James JE. Critical review of dietary caffeine and blood pressure: a relationship that should be taken more seriously. Psychosom Med 2004; 66: 63–71.

45
. Korde LA, Wu AH, Fears T, et al. Childhood soy intake and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2009; 18(4): 1050–59. Lee SA, Shu XO, Li H, et al. Adolescent and adult soy food intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(6): 1920–26. Shu XO, Jin F, Wen W, et al. Soybean intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2001; 10: 483–88.

46
. Trock BJ, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Clarke R. Meta-analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98(7): 459–71.

47
. Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Pike MC. Epidemiology of soy exposures and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2008; 98(1): 9–14.

48
. Guha N, Kwan ML, Quesenberry CP Jr, et al. Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the Life after Cancer Epidemiology study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118(2): 395–405.

49
. Hwang YW et al. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61(5): 598–606. Hwang YW, Kim SY, Jee SH, et al. Soy food consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61(5): 598–606.

50
. Myung SK, Ju W, Choi HJ, Kim SC, Korean Meta-Analysis (KORMA) Study Group. Soy intake and risk of endocrine-related gynecological cancer: a meta-analysis. BJOG 2009; 116(13): 1697–705.

51
. Davis BC, Kris-Etherton PM. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78(3 Suppl): 640S–646S. Brenna, JT. Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002; 5(2): 127–32.

52
. Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Liu Y, et al. Nutritional predictors of insulin-like growth factor I and their relationships to cancer in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2003; 12: 84–89.

53
. Hardell L, Andersson SO, Carlberg M, et al. Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and the risk of prostate cancer. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48: 700–707. Van Maele-Fabry G, Libotte V, Willems J, et al. Review and meta-analysis of risk estimates for prostate cancer in pesticide manufacturing workers. Cancer Caus Contr 2006; 17: 353–73. Stripp C, Overvad K, Christensen J, et al. Fish intake is positively associated with breast cancer incidence rate. J Nutr 2003; 133(11): 3664–69. Aronson KJ, Miller AB, Wollcott CG, et al. Breast adipose tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorines and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2000, Jan; 9: 55. Unger M, Olsen, J. Organochlorine compounds in the adipose tissue of deceased people with and without cancer. Environ Res 1980; 23: 257–63.

54
. Kaushik M, Mozaffarian D, Spiegelman D, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 613–20. Brasky TM, Till C, White E, et al. Serum phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Am J Epidemiol; published ahead of print 2011, Apr 24; DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr027. Am J Epidemiol 2011; DOI: 10.1093. Stripp C, Overvad K, Christensen J, et al. Fish intake is positively associated with breast cancer incidence rate. J Nutr 2003; 133(11): 3664–69.

55
. Geppert J, Kraft V, Demmelmair H, Koltzko B. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in vegetarians effectively increases omega-3 index: a randomized trial. Lipids 2005, Aug; 40(8): 807–14.

56
. Mills PK, Dodge J, Yang R. Cancer in migrant and seasonal hired farm workers. J Agromed 2009; 14(2): 185–91.

57
. Bouchard MF, Bellinger DC, Wright RO, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and urinary metabolites of organophosphate pesticides. Pediatrics 2010; 125: e1270–e1277.

58
. Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Remião F, Carmo H, et al. Paraquat exposure as an etiological factor of Parkinson's disease. Neurotox 2006, Dec; 27(6): 1110–22. Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, et al. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. Environ Health Perspect 2011; DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002839 (online 2011, Jan 26).

59
. U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/nop.

60
. Grinder-Pedersen L, Rasmussen SE, Bügel S, et al. Effect of diets based on foods from conventional versus organic production on intake and excretion of flavonoids and markers of antioxidative defense in humans. J Agric Food Chem 2003, Sep 10; 51(19): 5671–76. Olsson ME, Andersson CS, Oredsson S, et al. Antioxidant levels and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by extracts from organically and conventionally cultivated strawberries. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(4): 1248–55.