Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World (46 page)

atmosphere: circulation patterns in,
48
–
50
,
82
,
89
,
130
,
137
–
40
,
249n25
; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and,
50
–
51
,
81
; precipitation patterns and,
49
,
217
; pressure variables and,
49
–
51
,
80
,
99
,
140
,
177
,
202
–
3
; tropopause and,
50
; wind and,
49
(
see also
wind
)

atmospheric pressure,
49
–
51
,
80
,
99
,
140
,
177
,
202
–
3

Austen, Jane,
95
,
142
,
242n1

Australia,
11
,
42
,
134

automobiles,
229

avalanches,
46
,
152
,
218

bacteria,
88
–
90
,
184

Baffin Bay,
132
,
141

Bali,
14
,
19
,
22
–
24

Banks, Joseph,
121
–
22
,
127
–
28
,
135
,
142

Barker, Francis,
178
,
191
–
92

barley,
61
,
102
,
113
,
181

Barrow, John: Arctic and,
122
–
34
,
141
–
51
; bureaucratic achievements of,
133
;
Frankenstein
and,
146
–
48
; global warming and,
123
–
25
,
127
,
129
–
31
,
133
,
146
; journalistic propaganda and,
124
; Little Ice Age and,
131
; meteorology and,
129
–
31
; northwest passage and,
123
,
125
,
127
–
29
,
132
–
34
,
142
,
144
–
46
,
148
–
49
; Parry and,
142
–
44
;
Quarterly Review
and,
124
–
25
,
129
–
30
,
133
,
142
,
146
–
47
; Ross and,
141
; snubs O’Reilly,
133
–
34
; snubs Ross,
141
–
42
; snubs Scoresby,
126

Bay of Bengal,
71
,
78
,
83
,
89
–
91
,
99

Bay of Naples,
35

beans,
13
,
102
,
105
,
115
,
119

beggars: Association for the Suppression of Mendicity and,
191
–
92
; children and,
63
,
172
; poverty and,
9
,
59
,
61
,
63
–
65
,
172
,
188
–
93
,
225

Benares
(ship),
21

Bengal: Calcutta,
5
,
73
,
81
,
83
–
84
,
86
–
87
,
91
,
96
,
239n21
; cholera and,
72
–
78
,
81
,
83
–
96
,
123
,
178
; famine and,
83
; Ganges River and,
80
–
84
,
88
,
96
;
ghauts
and,
81
,
83
–
86
; Hastings and,
74
; monsoons and,
78
–
84
,
88
–
91
; Ola Bibi and,
83
; rice and,
82
,
90
;
sharif
crop and,
81
–
82
; storms and,
80
–
83
,
99
; Tambora’s effects on,
71
–
72
,
78
–
83
,
90
–
91
,
96

Bering Strait,
128

Betwah (River),
73
,
76

Bible,
44
,
49
,
53
,
57
,
68
,
121
,
162
,
165
,
178

bicycles,
229

Birkbeck, Morris,
218

“Bitter Famine” (Li Yuyang),
113
–
14

Black Death,
94

black frost,
203

Black Prophet, The: A Tale of Irish Famine
(Carleton),
173
–
74
,
175
,
178
,
180
,
196

Bologna Prophecy,
69
–
71

Borneo,
22

Bossons glacier,
153
–
55
,
169

Brady, David M.,
256n35

Brandes, Heinrich,
59

bread,
9
,
61
–
62
,
112
,
176

Brockedon, William,
164

Buchan, David,
126
,
131
,
133
,
141
,
144

buckwheat,
113

Buffon, Comte de (Georges Louis Leclerc): American Indians and,
212
; background of,
209
; climate change and,
155
,
206
–
16
,
226
–
28
; climate pessimism and,
226
–
28
; earth science of,
130
–
31
,
155
,
206
–
16
; Enlightenment and,
226
; geo-engineering and,
226
; “Great Climate Compromise” and,
215
;
Histoire Naturelle
and,
208
,
213
; Jefferson and,
206
–
7
,
211
–
16
,
226
–
28
; New World theories of,
206
–
16
; temperature observations of,
209
,
214

Burma,
91
,
98
,
119

Burns, Robert,
172

Burundi,
183

Byron, George Gordon,
9
,
116
; apocalyptic poetry of,
68
–
69
; Arctic and,
148
;
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
and,
46
–
47
,
54
,
125
; Clairmont and,
45
,
51
; “Darkness” and, vii,
67
–
69
; death by malaria of,
76
–
77
; famine and,
69
; ghost story contest and,
51
,
57
,
156
; global warming and,
156
; Polidori and,
51
; storms and,
68
,
77
; Switzerland and,
45
–
47
,
51
,
65
–
67
,
69
; Tambora and,
47
; vampires and,
52
–
53
; Villa Diodati and,
46
,
51
,
67
,
68

calderas,
5
–
6
,
7
,
11
,
21

Cambodia,
14

Canada: Arctic and,
40
,
125
,
133
,
140
–
41
,
144
,
147
; cold fronts of,
217
; Hudson Bay and,
140
–
41
,
147
; immigrants and,
219
; snowstorm of 1816 and,
202
; Tambora’s effects on,
202
,
232

Carleton, William:
The Black Prophet
and,
173
–
74
,
175
,
178
,
180
,
196
; despair over countrymen,
173
–
75
,
178
; Irish famine and,
173
–
74
,
175
,
178
,
180
,
184
,
186
,
188
,
190
,
192
,
194
–
95
,
196
; typhus and,
184
,
186
,
188
,
190
,
192

Casa Galetti,
76

Celebes.
See
Sulawesi

Charpentier, Jean de,
161
–
62
,
167
–
68
,
251n24

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
(Byron),
46
–
47
,
54
,
125

children: Annsville storm and,
200
–
201
; beggar,
63
,
172
; disease and,
74
,
188
; famine and,
5
,
9
,
23
,
25
,
63
–
65
,
98
,
109
–
14
,
198

China,
14
,
138
,
199
; “century of humiliation” of,
106
; cholera and,
91
; Confucianism and,
98
,
106
–
7
,
109
–
10
,
114
,
120
; Han Chinese and,
100
–
101
,
103
; Himalayan plateau and,
82
,
99
,
102
,
115
; northwest passage and,
125
; opium and,
115
–
20
,
123
; Qing dynasty and,
100
,
101
,
105
–
13
,
117
,
120
; Yunnan and,
9
,
11
,
97
–
120

cholera,
5
; actions of,
77
; bacteria and,
88
–
90
; Bengal and,
72
–
78
,
81
,
83
–
96
,
123
,
178
; Calcutta Medical Board and,
87
; climate change and,
86
–
91
,
94
; Colwell and,
89
–
90
; deities of,
74
–
5
,
83
; etiology for,
183
; famine and,
9
; fecal matter and,
88
; Ganges River and,
80
–
84
,
88
,
96
; global epidemic of,
71
,
91
–
95
,
123
,
230
,
233
,
236
; Grand Army and,
72
–
76
; great fear of,
75
–
76
,
85
–
86
,
92
,
94
; International Sanitary Conference and,
93
; Jameson and,
87
–
88
,
91
,
95
,
178
; Koch and,
87
–
88
; Medwin on,
76
–
77
; meteorology and,
87
–
91
; nineteenth–century literature on,
72
; Pascual and,
89
–
90
; pathogens of,
87
–
90
; plankton and,
88
–
90
; recent research on,
246n25
; superstition and,
74
–
75
; temperature and,
90

Christmas Carol, A
(Dickens),
40

circulation patterns: atmospheric,
48
–
50
,
82
,
89
,
130
,
137
–
40
; meridional,
48
–
50
,
82
,
137
–
38
,
249n25
; ocean,
130
,
140
,
146
; thermohaline,
137
,
140

Clairmont, Claire,
45
,
51
,
76
,
115

climate: ash and,
67
(
see also
ash
); Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
(AMOC) and,
137
–
38
,
140
,
249n25
; atmospheric pressure and,
49
–
51
,
80
,
99
,
119
,
136
,
140
,
177
,
202
–
3
; Calcutta Medical Board and,
87
,
91
; circulation patterns and,
48
–
50
,
82
,
89
,
130
,
137
–
40
,
146
,
249n25
; coldness of 1810s and,
36
–
42
; droughts and,
9
,
24
,
39
,
54
,
57
,
82
–
83
,
87
,
89
–
90
,
102
,
113
,
139
–
40
,
203
,
205
–
6
,
227
–
28
; Earth’s tilt and,
49
,
80
; El Niño and,
82
,
90
; eruption of 1258 and,
41
,
43
–
44
,
216
; eruption of 1809 and,
37
–
39
,
41
–
43
,
58
,
216
,
241n12
; floods and,
9
,
20
,
39
,
46
,
54
,
56
–
57
,
59
–
60
,
83
,
89
–
90
,
102
,
105
,
107
–
8
,
121
,
159
–
60
,
162
,
164
–
67
,
169
–
70
,
218
,
227
–
28
; “Frankenstein weather” and,
91
,
107
,
174
,
227
–
28
; Franklin’s observation of altered,
1
–
2
; frost and,
9
,
37
,
39
,
58
,
60
,
98
,
102
,
105
,
127
,
130
,
142
,
147
–
48
,
155
,
200
–
206
,
210
,
233
; glaciers and,
37
,
55
,
129
,
150
–
70
; heat transfer and,
49
,
50
,
137
–
38
,
140
,
249n25
; Himalayan,
82
,
99
,
102
,
115
; Holocene Period and,
42
,
44
,
232
–
33
,
241n12
; ice core analysis and,
37
,
43
,
48
,
241n12
; jet streams and,
50
,
203
; latitude and,
2
,
3
,
43
,
49
–
50
,
56
,
79
–
80
,
91
,
98
,
101
,
122
,
130
,
137
,
139
,
150
,
203
,
209
,
234
; moderate,
42
,
49
,
100
,
102
,
137
,
212
,
215
,
226
,
228
,
230
; optimism and,
126
–
27
,
199
–
200
,
212
; pessimism and,
206
,
210
–
11
,
226
–
28
; precipitation patterns and,
49
,
217
; snow and,
1
,
37
,
42
,
45
–
46
,
56
–
58
,
60
–
61
,
67
,
98
,
102
,
105
,
115
,
130
,
144
,
147
,
151
–
52
,
154
,
157
,
163
,
200
–
203
,
205
,
210
,
215
; solar radiation irregularity and,
40
–
41
; stratospheric effects and,
3
,
8
,
19
,
43
,
48
,
50
,
52
,
67
,
79
,
90
,
115
,
230
; sulfate aerosols and,
3
,
37
,
38
,
48
,
78
–
79
,
81
,
121
,
123
,
141
,
230
; sunspots and,
40
–
41
,
70
; Tambora’s effects on,
8
(
see also
Tambora
); trade winds and,
19
,
23
,
78
,
82
,
99
; tree-ring studies and,
24
,
43
,
82
–
83
,
217
,
248n19
; volcanism and,
6
,
10
,
26
,
33
–
34
,
43
,
235
,
238n10
(
see also
volcanoes
); weather patterns and,
37
,
43
,
55
,
59
,
67
,
102
,
226
; wind and,
49
–
51
,
150
,
173
,
178
; Yunnan and,
98
–
105
; zones of,
10
,
15
,
71
,
79
,
82
,
91
,
99
,
138
,
216