Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World (45 page)
Read Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World Online
Authors: Gillen D'Arcy Wood
agriculture,
29
,
156
; Alps and,
156
,
164
; ameliorative effects on climate of,
215
; America and,
203
–
6
,
213
–
17
,
221
–
28
; barley,
61
,
102
,
113
,
181
; beans,
13
,
102
,
105
,
115
,
119
; buckwheat,
113
; Buffon and,
214
; Byron and,
68
; climate change and,
216
,
232
; coffee,
13
,
27
,
81
; corn,
13
,
61
,
176
,
180
,
203
,
205
–
6
; cotton,
13
,
205
,
221
; droughts and,
9
,
24
,
39
,
54
,
57
,
82
–
83
,
87
,
89
–
90
,
102
,
113
,
139
–
40
,
203
,
205
–
6
,
227
–
28
; Dustbowl and,
257n63
; famine and,
62
(
see also
famine
); Ireland and,
179
–
80
; Jefferson and,
203
,
205
–
6
,
213
–
17
,
221
,
225
–
28
; Little Ice Age and,
39
; Liverpool and,
62
; Monticello and,
203
,
206
,
217
,
221
,
223
,
224
; oats,
61
,
176
,
178
,
203
,
206
; pepper,
13
,
27
; potatoes,
61
,
176
,
180
–
81
,
192
,
194
–
95
; prices and,
179
–
80
(
see also
prices
); rice,
9
–
10
,
13
–
14
,
16
–
20
,
23
–
24
,
31
,
71
,
82
,
90
,
99
,
101
–
5
,
107
–
11
,
113
,
119
; rye,
203
,
222
; scientific progress in,
230
; Russia and,
10
,
63
,
198
; subsistence,
9
,
179
; sugar,
27
; Sumbawa and,
13
; Switzerland and,
62
,
64
; wheat,
99
,
102
,
105
,
110
,
113
,
115
,
119
,
164
,
176
,
203
,
205
–
6
,
214
,
221
,
222
,
226
; Williams and,
215
; Yunnan and,
99
–
103
,
107
–
8
,
117
–
20
AIDS,
93
algae,
89
Alps: Agassiz and,
161
,
167
–
68
; agriculture and,
156
,
164
; aquatic submersion and,
162
; avalanches and,
46
,
152
; Chamonix and,
152
–
56
; Charpentier and,
161
–
62
,
167
–
68
,
251n24
; erratics and,
166
; glaciers of,
129
,
150
–
70
; global warming and,
156
; Ice Age theory and,
155
–
60
,
162
,
166
,
168
–
69
; ice dams and,
158
,
159
–
60
,
162
–
64
,
166
–
67
;
jökuljlaups
and,
159
,
162
,
170
; Mount Le Pleureur and,
159
,
161
; Perraudin and,
160
–
62
,
164
,
166
–
68
; River Dranse and,
159
–
67
; Shelleys and,
45
–
46
,
151
–
59
,
169
–
70
,
206
; Swiss Society of Natural Sciences and,
157
,
162
,
166
–
67
; Tambora’s effects on,
45
–
66
,
150
–
51
,
155
–
56
,
159
,
162
–
63
,
165
,
168
–
70
; Val de Bagnes and,
159
–
68
,
170
; Venetz and,
157
–
58
,
160
–
68
,
170
; wheat and,
164
; storms of,
45
–
46
America: agriculture and,
203
–
6
,
213
–
17
,
221
–
28
; Annsville snowstorm and,
200
–
201
; Buffon’s theories on,
206
–
16
; climate change and,
206
–
17
,
227
–
28
; climate optimism and,
126
–
27
,
199
–
200
,
212
; climate pessimism and,
206
,
210
–
11
,
226
–
28
; Cumberland Pike and,
225
; drought and,
20
–
23
,
205
–
6
,
227
–
28
; Dustbowl of,
257n63
; “Eighteen-Hundred-and-Froze-to-Death” and,
9
,
128
,
200
–
206
,
217
; Era of Good Feelings and,
224
; Erie Canal and,
225
; famine and,
205
,
217
,
224
–
25
; Great Depression and,
225
; Great Lakes and,
203
; Hamiltonian economics and,
225
; immigration to,
214
,
218
–
19
,
224
; as inhospitable continent,
210
; Jefferson and,
200
,
203
,
205
–
7
,
211
–
28
; June 1816 weather in,
203
,
215
–
16
; meteorology and,
199
,
203
,
211
,
216
–
17
,
227
; Monticello and,
203
,
206
,
217
,
221
,
223
,
224
; panic of 1819 and,
216
–
26
; poverty and,
218
,
226
; as Promised Land,
217
; starvation and,
138
,
205
,
226
; storms and,
200
–
205
,
227
; Tambora’s effect on,
71
,
199
–
203
,
204
,
216
–
27
; War of Independence
and,
1
; wheat and,
203
,
205
–
6
,
214
,
221
,
222
,
226
; Year without a Summer and,
199
–
200
,
203
,
225
Andes,
34
Antarctica,
149
Anthropocene Period,
232
–
33
,
258n4
Antoinette, Marie,
35
Arabian Sea,
78
Arctic: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and,
137
–
38
,
140
,
249n25
; Baffin Bay and,
132
,
141
; Banks and,
121
–
22
,
127
–
28
,
135
,
142
; Barrow and,
122
–
34
,
141
–
51
; Bering Strait and,
128
; British politics and,
121
,
131
,
148
; Buchan and,
126
,
131
,
133
,
141
,
144
; Canada and,
40
,
125
,
133
,
140
–
41
,
144
,
147
; climate change and,
121
–
23
,
130
–
31
; Davis Strait and,
132
; Denmark and,
128
–
29
;
Frankenstein
and,
146
–
49
,
250n31
; Franklin and,
131
–
32
,
144
–
49
,
233
; glaciers and,
129
; global warming and,
122
–
31
,
133
,
146
,
150
,
258n5
; Holocene Period and,
233
; icebergs and,
127
,
130
,
151
; Lancaster Sound and,
132
,
141
–
42
,
144
; Little Ice Age and,
129
,
131
; Marine Diver and,
135
–
38
; melting ice and,
121
,
127
,
129
–
33
,
138
,
140
,
233
,
258n5
; Melville Bay and,
132
; northeast passage and,
128
; North Pole and,
48
,
134
,
137
,
140
,
147
,
168
; northwest passage and,
5
,
123
,
125
,
127
–
29
,
132
–
34
,
142
–
49
; Norway and,
129
,
149
; O’Reilly and,
131
–
34
; Parry and,
131
–
32
,
142
–
48
; Ross and,
126
,
131
–
33
,
141
–
42
,
148
,
233
; Royal Navy and,
121
–
34
,
141
–
51
,
233
; Royal Society and,
121
,
128
,
132
; Scoresby and,
125
–
28
,
131
–
38
,
258n5
; Tambora’s effect on,
121
–
23
,
132
,
135
,
138
–
41
,
146
,
149
; von Kotzebue and,
128
,
131
,
141
; whaling and,
125
,
127
,
135
; wind and,
140
“Arctic Expeditions, The” (Porden),
144
ash: Arabian Sea coast studies and,
78
; blocked sun and,
3
,
5
,
22
–
23
,
66
–
69
; Crawfurd on,
15
; fluorine and,
24
,
48
; P. B. Shelley and,
33
; rain and,
12
,
16
–
20
,
22
–
25
,
30
,
48
,
52
; sulfate aerosols and,
3
,
37
,
38
,
48
,
78
–
79
,
81
,
121
,
123
,
141
,
230
; sulfur and,
5
,
6
,
43
,
48
,
52
,
79
; Sumbawa and,
12
,
15
–
25
,
30
; sunsets and,
2
,
97
;
zaman hujan au
(time of the ash rain) and,
24
–
25
Association for the Suppression of Mendicity,
191
–
92
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC),
137
–
38
,
140
,
249n25
Atlantic Ocean,
1
–
3
,
10
; Arctic Oscillation and,
50
–
51
; Arctic studies and,
127
,
130
,
132
,
135
,
137
–
38
,
140
,
146
; eastern U.S. and,
9
,
42
,
82
,
98
,
128
,
138
,
199
–
205
,
210
,
215
–
18
,
220
,
224
,
226
,
228
; icebergs and,
127
,
130
,
132
; Ireland and,
176
; New England seaboard and,
9
,
42
,
82
,
98
,
128
,
138
,
199
,
202
–
5
,
215
–
16
,
218
,
224
; transatlantic trade and,
64
,
138
,
210
,
217
,
222
,
224
,
226
,
228
,
237n5
; zones of,
15
,
71
,
79
,
116
,
226