Target Tokyo: Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor (101 page)

402
 He made that demand: Testimony of Koichi Kido, in Pritchard and Zaide, eds.,
The Tokyo War Crimes Trial
, vol. 13, p. 31,062.

402
 Sugiyama likewise pressed: Testimony of Hideki Tojo, ibid., vol. 6, pp. 14,601–2.

402
 “It was not against”: Ibid., p. 14,600.

402
 “This was the first time”: Ibid., p. 14,601.

402
 Others shared Tojo’s reluctance: Testimony of Ryukichi Tanaka, ibid., vol. 12, pp. 29,048–49.

402
 the vice minister of war: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 14,401–2.

402
 Top commanders on the ground: Testimony of Shigeru Sawada, ibid., vol. 11, p. 27,454; testimony of Masatoshi Miyano, ibid., vol. 12, pp. 28,870–71.

402
 “I believe it was due”: Testimony of Ryukichi Tanaka, ibid., vol. 6, p. 14,420.

403
 Tojo’s meeting that Tuesday: Ibid., pp. 14,401–2.

403
 General Hata not only: Testimony of Masatoshi Miyano, ibid., vol. 12, pp. 28,870–74.

403
 “Arisue was sent”: Testimony of Ryukichi Tanaka, ibid., vol. 12, p. 29,044.

403
 “At no time”: Testimony of Masatoshi Miyano, ibid., vol. 12, p. 28,879.

403
 Japan had failed: Affidavit of Hideki Tojo, pp. 191–95, in Box 35, Series 5.2, GWPP.

403
 Military Law Concerning the Punishment of Enemy Airmen: A copy of this law can be found in the war crimes files in Box 1728, RG 331, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, NARA.

403
 Sugiyama’s staff: Saibu Tanabe to Jun Ushiromiya, “Memo Pertaining to the Disposition of Enemy Airmen,” July 28, 1942, ibid.

403
 As soon as the judges: Testimony of Hideki Tojo, in Pritchard and Zaide, eds.,
The Tokyo War Crimes Trial
, vol. 6, p. 14,602.

403
 “At 11:30 Premier Tojo”: Koichi Kido diary, Oct. 3, 1942, ibid., p. 14,608.

404
 “Being fully aware”: Affidavit of Hideki Tojo, p. 195.

404
 “The five whose death sentences”: Hajime Sugiyama to Shunroku Hata, Oct. 10, 1942, “Disposition of Convicted American Airmen,” in Box 1728, RG 331, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, NARA.

404
 The job of carrying out: Sotojiro Tatsuta testimony in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

404
 By that point: Testimonies of Alexander Hindrava, Alexander John Sterelny, and Teh Ling Chung, ibid.; War Department General Staff G-2, Military Intelligence Service, Ex-Report No. 669, July 12, 1945, Bishop, Lewis S.

404
 That evening: Caesar Luiz Dos Remedios testimony in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

405
 “I hardly know”: Dean Hallmark to Mr. and Mrs. O. D. Hallmark, Oct. 1942, in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

405
 “All that I am”: Dean Hallmark to Mrs. O. D. Hallmark, undated.

405
 “I want you to know”: Harold Spatz to Robert Spatz, undated (ca. Oct. 1942), in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

405
 “a cold, hard cruel world”: Daddy to William Farrow, undated, William G. Farrow Collection, South Carolina Military Museum, Columbia, S.C.

405
 “We’ve both been cheated”: William Farrow to Margie Wilson, Jan. 25, 1939 (envelope date), ibid.

405
 “Here’s wishing you”: William Farrow to Jessie Farrow, Oct. 1942, in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

405
 “I know, Mom”: Ibid.

406
 “Well, here we’ve come”: William Farrow to Margaret Stem, undated (ca. Oct. 1942), Box 2, Series II, DTRAP.

406
 “Do you remember”: William Farrow to Ivan Ferguson, undated (ca. Oct. 1942), ibid.

406
 “full of pep”: William Farrow to Margie Wilson, Feb. 28, 1940, William G. Farrow Collection, South Carolina Military Museum.

406
 “You are to me”: William Farrow to Elizabeth Sims, undated (ca. Oct. 1942), in “Letters of the Late Lt. William G. Farrow to Relatives and Friends,”
News and Press
, March 14, 1946, p. 1.

407
 “Find yourself the good man”: Ibid.

407
 Farrow entrusted Remedios: Caesar Luiz Dos Remedios testimony in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

407
 Around 10 a.m. on October 15: Details of the execution are drawn from the testimonies of Sotojiro Tatsuta, Shigeji Mayama, Yoneya Tomoichi, Yusei Wako, Yutaka Minezaki, and Yoneda Isamu, ibid.

407
 The record of the execution: “Record of Execution,” Oct. 15, 1942, ibid.

408
 “I do not know”: Sotojiro Tatsuta testimony, ibid.

408
 “Please tell the folks”: Ibid.

408
 “Christ was born”: Ibid.

408
 “Attention”: Yoneda Isamu testimony, ibid.

408
 “The men who fired”: Sotojiro Tatsuta testimony, ibid.

409
 “capture, trial, and severe punishment”: Robert A. Kinney Memorandum for Colonel Booth, June 16, 1944, Box 2215, RG 165, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, Military Intelligence Division, “Regional File,” 1922–44, NARA.

409
 “I saw school kids”: “Tokyo (Domei) in English at 7:30 AM to the World,” transcript, Box 18, RG 24, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Casualty Branch, NARA.

409
 Rumors that at least a few: David Anderson, “Japan Is Punishing Seized U.S. Fliers,”
New York Times
, Oct. 20, 1942, p. 1.

409
 “The American public”: “Tokyo in English at 7:00 PM to North America,” transcript, Box 18, RG 24, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Casualty Branch, NARA.

410
 “For those who are skeptical”: “Tokyo in English at 4:00 AM to Europe,” transcript, ibid.

410
 The press initially questioned: “Wild Stories Told to Japs,”
Warsaw Daily Union
, Oct. 21, 1942, p. 2.

410
 At an October 22 press conference: “Stimson Lists Men Japan May Hold,”
New York Times
, Oct. 23, 1942, p. 5.

410
 “sly propaganda campaign.”: “Japs Release Names of More Yanks Captured,”
Victoria Advocate
, Oct. 23, 1942, p. 2.

410
 “The news is released”: Raymond Clapper, “Delayed News Worries Nation,”
Schenectady Gazette
, Oct. 26, 1942, p. 10.

410
 who had once meticulously: Billy Farrow, College Algebra, notebook, Box 1, William G. Farrow Collection, South Carolina Military Museum, Columbia, S.C.

410
 “The time has come”: David Lawrence, “Today in Washington,”
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, Oct. 23, 1942, p. 12.

411
 “Stay close to God”: Ibid.

411
 “He was neither a poet”: David Lawrence, “A Pilot’s Memorandum to Himself,”
Evening Independent
, Jan. 1, 1964, p. 6-A.

411
 Letters of support: Howard Suttle, “Farrow’s Code for Living Talk of U.S. Armed Forces,”
News and Courier
, Nov. 8, 1942, p. 9II.

411
 Churches across the country: Stem,
Tall and Free As Meant by God
, pp. 58–59.

411
 “An American’s Creed for Victory”: “An American’s Creed for Victory,” Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, pamphlet, Box 1, Series XI, DTRAP.

411
 “No matter what has happened”: “Mrs. Doolittle Sends Mother’s Day Message,”
Schenectady Gazette
, May 10, 1943, p. 2.

411
 The United States meanwhile scrambled: Robert A. Kinney Memorandum for Colonel Booth, June 16, 1944.

411
 “What may be more stigmatized”: Leland Harrison to Cordell Hull, Feb. 23, 1943, Microfilm Roll #A1250, AFHRA. See also U.S. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943
, vol. 3,
The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East
(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1963), pp. 965–66.

412
 “The American Government”: Ibid.

412
 “The full texts”: Breckinridge Long, March 20, 1943, in U.S. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943
, vol. 3, p. 972.

412
 “proceed immediately”: Ibid.

412
 “I am not unmindful”: Ibid., p. 973.

412
 “Any deterioration”: Ibid.

412
 “statement to the effect”: Ibid.

413
 “Until we know”: Ibid., p. 974.

413
 “bestial methods”: Cordell Hull draft message to Leland Harrison, April 5, 1943, Box 5, OF 4675, FDRL.

413
 “If, as would appear”: Ibid. A final copy of this note dated April 12 can be found in U.S. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943
, vol. 3, pp. 980–82.

413
 “Questions of retaliation”: Cordell Hull to Franklin Roosevelt, April 7, 1943, Box 5, OF 4675, FDRL.

413
 “OK, FDR:” Cordell Hull draft message to Leland Harrison, April 5, 1943, ibid.

413
 “I am deeply stirred”: F.D.R. to Cordell Hull, April 8, 1943, ibid.

414
 “Our note to Japan”: April 9, 1943, memo, ibid.

414
 “Please let me have”: F.D.R. to Cordell Hull, April 8, 1943, ibid.

414
 “Will we be told”: “Story of Tokyo Raid to Be Revealed Soon,”
New York Times
, April 15, 1943, p. 1.

414
 “After consultation”: “Delays Tokyo Raid Story,”
New York Times
, April 17, 1943, p. 2.

414
 “The Japanese captured”: “The Bombing of Tokyo,” editorial,
New York Times
, April 20, 1943, p. 22.

414
 The Japanese seized: Official Japanese Broadcasts, More Details of U.S. Raid Revealed, April 21, 1943, Box 2215, RG 165, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, Military Intelligence Division, “Regional File,” 1922–1944, NARA; “Tokyo Air Raid Details Are Given Out by Yahagi When U.S. Army Demurs,”
Nippon Times
, April 21, 1943, p. 1.

414
 “I take pleasure”: “Japanese Tell Their Version of Shangri-La to Give People of U.S. ‘the Full Story,’”
New York Times
, April 21, 1943, p. 4.

415
 “We have the pleasure”: “Tokyo Air Raid Details Are Given Out by Yahagi When U.S. Army Demurs,” p. 1.

415
 America had no choice: Press Release, “The Raid on Japan, April 18, 1942,” April 20, 1943, Box 23, DPLOC; “Text of War Department’s Account of Raid on Tokyo April 18, 1942,”
New York Times
, April 21, 1943, p. 4; Edwin D. Gritz, “Raid Story Was Told in Effort to Head Off Japanese Version,”
Washington Post
, April 22, 1943, p. 1.

415
 “patched-up production”: “U.S. Bares ‘Flop Raid’ Details,”
Nippon Times
, April 23, 1943, p. 1.

415
 “The American people”: “Anger Sweeps U.S. on Tokyo Raid Lies,”
Nippon Times
, April 25, 1943, p. 4. See also “The Report on the Raid,” editorial,
New York Times
, April 22, 1943, p. 22; “Murder in Tokyo,”
Time
, May 3, 1943, p. 20.

415
 “I believe that any government”:
Congressional Record
, 78th Cong., 1st sess., April 22, 1943, p. 3716.

416
 “It is with a feeling”: “Texts of the Statements on Japan,”
New York Times
, April 22, 1943, p. 4; Bertram D. Hulen, “President Aghast,” ibid., April 22, 1943, p. 1.

416
 “President Roosevelt has issued”: Navy Department, Office of Public Relations, Analysis Section, Daily Digest, April 22, 1943, No. 553, Box 19, RG 24, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Casualty Branch, NARA.

416
 The reaction from members of Congress: “Congress Aroused by Japanese News,”
New York Times
, April 22, 1943, p. 3.

416
 “We are fighting a bunch of beasts”:
Congressional Record
, 78th Cong., 1st sess., April 22, 1943, p. 3704.

416
 “So gruesome it defies comment”: “Congress Aroused by Japanese News,”
New York Times
, April 22, 1943, p. 3.

416
 “yellow devils”:
Congressional Record
, 78th Cong., 1st sess., April 22, 1943, p. 3702.

416
 “Where there is a drop”: “U.S. Bars Reprisals against Prisoners,”
New York Times
, April 23, 1943, p. 5.

416
 “Those boys were not killed”: “What to Do with Japs—in U.S. and Tokio,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, April 27, 1943, p. 1.

417
 Rollie Toles of Pasadena: Rollie Toles to Franklin Roosevelt, May 2, 1943, Box 4, OF 4675, FDRL.

417
 “In the face of your report: Ira R. Seltzer to Franklin Roosevelt, April 22, 1943, ibid.

417
 “With horror, we hear”: W. A. McMahon to Franklin Roosevelt, April 21, 1943, ibid.

417
 North American Aviation announced: “Name Planes for Tokyo Raiders,”
New York Times
, May 30, 1943, p. 22; “Made-in-Japan for the Air Raid on Tokyo,” ibid., April 18, 1943, p. 33.

417
 Bond sales soared: “Bond Sales Soar after Executions; City over Quota,”
New York Times
, April 23, 1943, p. 1; “Bond Drive Nears 4-Billion City Goal,” ibid., April 25, 1943, p. 3.

417
 “Japanese Beasts”: “Japanese Beasts,” editorial,
Chicago Daily Tribune
, April 22, 1943, p. 1.

417
 “The Savages of Tokyo”: “The Savages of Tokyo,” editorial,
New York Times
, April 22, 1943, p. 22.

417
 “Those Jap Murderers”: “Those Jap Murders,” editorial,
Independent-Tribune
, May 1, 1943, in Box 2215, RG 165, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, Military Intelligence Division, “Regional File” 1922–44, NARA.

417
 “Never before has Japan”: Navy Department, Office of Public Relations, Analysis Section, Daily Digest, April 22, 1943, No. 553, Box 19, RG 24, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Casualty Branch, NARA.