Target Tokyo: Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor (82 page)

59
 “It is a good”: Hanson W. Baldwin, “Bombers Thrill War Game Troops,”
New York Times
, Sept. 23, 1941, p. 7.

59
 “The B-26 was a Lincoln”: Forrest K. Poling,
From Farm Fields to Airfields
(Superior Township, Mich.: Zorado Press, 2006), p. 120.

60
 “It is so much more”: Ted W. Lawson,
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo
, ed. Bob Considine (New York: Random House, 1953), p. 16.

60
 Opened in 1927: “Army Dedicates New Flying Center,”
New York Times
, Oct. 13, 1927, p. 3; Charles J. Bauer, “New Test Equipment,” ibid., April 6, 1941, p. XX5; Sidney M. Shalett, “Air Magic Show at Wright Field,” ibid., Dec. 30, 1942, p. 8; Hanson W. Baldwin, “Wright Field Holds Great Air Secrets,” ibid., Nov. 4, 1943, p. 12; Russell Owen, “Where the Impossible Is Done,” ibid., March 18, 1945, p. SM8.

60
 “Wright Field is the place”: William A. Norris, “Wright Field Air Center of the World,”
Milwaukee Sentinel
, June 4, 1944, p. 1.

60
 “It is requested”: J. H. Doolittle memo for the Chief of the Air Staff, Jan. 22, 1942, Iris #02053123, AFHRA.

60
 Doolittle upped his request: Memo to Chief of the Air Corp, “Special B-25B Project,” Jan. 29, 1942, ibid.; Doolittle,
I Could Never Be So Lucky Again
, p. 242.

60
 Orders called for the bombers: John Y. York Jr., memo for A-3, Jan. 30, 1942, Wm. W. Dick to Commanding General, Air Force Combat Command, Bolling Field, D.C., Jan. 31, 1942, both in Iris #02053123, AFHRA.

60
 The B-25 boasted: J. H. Doolittle, Report on the Aerial Bombing of Japan, June 5, 1942; “General Doolittle’s Remarks at the Wings Club Dinner,” Oct. 1, 1945, transcript, Box 7, Series IV, DPUT; Charles R. Greening, “The First Joint Action,” Monograph Submitted to the Faculty of the Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia, Fourth Class, Dec. 21, 1948, AFHRA, pp. 1–6. Copies of Greening’s report can also be found in Doolittle’s personal papers at the LOC and the University of Texas.

62
 “The purpose”: Doolittle handwritten draft plan, undated, Box 516, RG 18, Central Decimal Files, Oct. 1942–1944, NARA.

62
 Doolittle ordered: Doolittle,
I Could Never Be So Lucky Again
, p. 241.

62
 “It is desired”: Henry Arnold to Carl Spaatz, “Objective in Japan Most Desirable for Attack,” Jan. 22, 1942, Microfilm Roll #114, HHAP.

62
 “The above aircraft factories”: AAF C/AS to Henry Arnold, “Objective in Japan Most Desirable for Attack,” Jan. 31, 1942, ibid.

63
 “Many of these objectives”: Ibid.

63
 “An initial study”: Doolittle handwritten draft plan.

64
 “Premature notification”: Ibid.

64
 On the frigid Sunday:
Hornet
deck log, Feb. 1, 1942, Box 4439, RG 24, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Deck Logs, 1941–1950, NARA.

64
 $32 million new flattop: “Knox Praises Men Lost on the Kearny,”
New York Times
, Oct. 21, 1941, p. 5.

64
 had returned to Virginia: Lisle A. Rose,
The Ship That Held the Line
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1995), pp. 19–34.

64
 The wiry officer: Marc Mitscher Navy Bio, Jan. 23, 1964, NDL; “Admiral Mitscher, War Hero, 60, Dies,”
New York Times
, Feb. 4, 1947, p. 5; Theodore Taylor,
The Magnificent Mitscher
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1954), pp. 14–27.

64
 “I was a 2.5 man”: Elmont Waite, “He Opened the Airway to Tokyo,”
Saturday Evening Post
, Dec. 2, 1944, p. 88.

64
 This unlikely leader: Marc Mitscher Navy Bio, Jan. 23, 1964.

65
 The humble skipper: Waite, “He Opened the Airway to Tokyo,” p. 20; Henry Suydan interview with George Murray, Feb. 1947, Box 1, Marc Andrew Mitscher Papers, LOC.

65
 Long cruises: Taylor,
The Magnificent Mitscher
, p. 8;
The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., U.S. Navy—Retired
, vol. 1 (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1979), p. 493.

65
 “I’m an old man now”: “Admiral Mitscher,” editorial,
New York Times
, Feb. 4, 1947, p. 24.

65
 “In being selected”: Marc Mitscher to Frederick Sherman, Feb. 24, 1942, Box 1, Marc Andrew Mitscher Papers, LOC.

65
 “He wasted”: Suydan interview with Murray, Feb. 1947.

65
 “Even when”: Waite, “He Opened the Airway to Tokyo,” p. 20.

65
 “Can you put”: Taylor,
The Magnificent Mitscher
, p. 112.

66
 “best combat crews”: John B. Colley to the Commanding General, Air Force Combat Command, “Carrier Operation Test,” Jan. 16, 1942, Microfilm Roll #115, HHAP.

66
 “Airplanes will have combat”: Ibid.

66
 “Successive take-offs”: C. E. Duncan to A-3, “Carrier Type of B-25’s,” Jan. 13, 1942, Microfilm Roll #115, HHAP.

66
 Mitscher ordered: Taylor,
The Magnificent Mitscher
, p. 112.

66
 Sailors lit:
Hornet
deck log, Feb. 2, 1942.

66
 “Since flying”: “Fitzgerald Paved Way for Tokyo Raid,”
News and Courier
, April 16, 1967, p. 12-B.

67
 “If we go into the water”: Oscar H. Dodson, “The Doolittle Raid,”
Bridge
3, no. 3 (Spring 1987): 8.

67
 During the more: Doolittle,
I Could Never Be So Lucky Again
, pp. 238–39.

67
 “When I got”: “Fitzgerald Paved Way for Tokyo Raid,” p. 12-B.

67
 Mitscher flashed: Taylor,
The Magnificent Mitscher
, p. 113.

67
 Lieutenant James McCarthy: Doolittle,
I Could Never Be So Lucky Again
, pp. 238–39.

67
 The Army aviator: D. B. Duncan memorandum to Ernest King, Feb. 4, 1942, Box 1, Ernest J. King Papers, NHHC.

67
 The
Hornet
’s air patrol: Ibid.

67
 “Frank”: Alexander T. Griffin,
A Ship to Remember: The Saga of the
Hornet (New York: Howell, Soskin, 1943), p. 48.

68
 “Very realistic drill”: Taylor,
The Magnificent Mitscher
, p. 113.

68
 “There was a six foot”: D. B. Duncan memorandum to Ernest King, Feb. 4, 1942.

68
 “Excellent”: Ibid.

68
 “The less you know”: Taylor,
The Magnificent Mitscher
, p. 113.

68
 Doolittle had asked: Doolittle,
I Could Never Be So Lucky Again
, p. 242; J. H. Doolittle, Report on the Aerial Bombing of Japan, June 5, 1942.

69
 “When I saw it”: Edgar McElroy, “When We Were One: A Doolittle Raider Remembers,”
Trinity
, July 2010, p. 24.

69
 “I couldn’t eat”: Lawson,
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo
, p. 7.

69
 “rocket plane”: McElroy, “When We Were One,” p. 24.

69
 “Not only did”: Robert G. Emmens oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, July 8–9, 1992, AFHRA.

69
 The bombardment group: Lawson,
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo
, pp. 7–8.

69
 “It was the first time”: Jack A. Sims with A. B. Cook,
First over Japan: An Autobiography of a Doolittle-Tokyo Raider
(Fort Myers, Fla.: Southpointe Press, 2002), p. 10.

69
 “The maneuvers were close”: Lawson,
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo
, p. 9.

69
 The men of the Seventeenth: This is based on a review of the oral histories with various Raiders on file at AFHRA.

70
 “It was the greatest”: William Bower oral history interview with Dave Edwards, Oct. 27, 1971, AFHRA.

70
 “There was no tangible”: Lawson,
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo
, pp. 12–13.

70
 “Everybody was interested”: Bower oral history interview with Edwards, Oct. 27, 1971.

70
 “I sure would give anything”: Robert Bourgeois to Ross Greening, Individual Histories questionnaire, undated (ca. 1950), Iris #01010162, AFHRA.

70
 “We played poker”: Joseph Manske diary, Feb. 10, 1942, Box 4, Series II, Doolittle Tokyo Raiders Association Papers (DTRAP), University of Texas at Dallas.

71
 “We lived in tents”: Billy Farrow undated letter to his mother, in Margaret Meadows Stem,
Tall and Free as Meant by God
(New York: Hearthstone Book/Carlton Press, 1969), pp. 33–34.

71
 “Damn it”: Reynolds,
The Amazing Mr. Doolittle
, p. 179; C. Ross Greening,
Not As Briefed: From the Doolittle Raid to a German Stalag
, comp. and ed. Dorothy Greening and Karen Morgan Driscoll (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 2001), p. 11.

71
 “That’s about all”: Reynolds,
The Amazing Mr. Doolittle
, p. 180.

71
 “The group commander was a colonel”: James H. Doolittle oral history interview with Edward F. Puryear Jr., Feb. 7, 1977.

72
 “Some of you fellows”: Jacob D. DeShazer oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, Oct. 10, 1989, AFHRA.

72
 “Boy”: Ibid.

72
 “I was too big”: Jeff Wilkinson, “‘The Lord Told Me to Go Back,’”
State
, April 12, 2002, p. 1.

72
 “The entire group stood”: Emmens oral history interview with Hasdorff, July 8–9, 1992.

72
 “Hands just kept”: Charles J. Ozuk Jr. oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, July 1989, AFHRA.

72
 “The name ‘Doolittle’ meant”: Robert L. Hite oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, Dec. 16–17, 1982, AFHRA.

72
 “You can’t volunteer, Mac!”: This exchange comes from McElroy, “When We Were One,” p. 26.

73
 “What are you holding”: Bert M. Jordan oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, June 15, 1988, AFHRA.

73
 “I just wanted”: Ibid.

73
 “It was disgusting”: Gary A. Warner, “Vets Recall Historic US Raid on Tokyo,”
Orange County Register
, April 16, 1992, p. E02.

73
 “Herb, what do you want?”: James “Herb” Macia oral history interview with Floyd Cox, July 21, 2000, National Museum of the Pacific War, Fredericksburg, Tex.

73
 “Doolittle has been”: David M. Jones oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, Jan. 13–14, 1987, AFHRA.

73
 “There’s been a change”: This exchange comes from Lawson,
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo
, p. 17–18.

74
 “Don’t go denuding”: Edward J. York oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, July 23, 1984, AFHRA.

74
 “We had so many”: Ibid.

74
 “You have to stay behind”: Emmens oral history interview with Hasdorff, July 8–9, 1992.

74
 “Knobby, you should”: This exchange comes from Richard A. Knobloch oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, July 13–14, 1987, AFHRA.

74
 Japan’s rampage: “Axis Fever,”
Time
, Feb. 23, 1942, p. 16; Breckinridge Long diary, Jan. 28, 1942, and Feb. 5, 1942, in Israel, ed.,
The War Diary of Breckinridge Long
, pp. 245–50.

74
 The news: Breckinridge Long diary, Jan. 13 and Feb. 5, 1942, in Israel, ed.,
The War Diary of Breckinridge Long
, pp. 242–43; David L. Roll,
The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 180.

74
 Isolationist newspapers: Bureau of Intelligence to the Director, Office of Facts and Figures, Survey of Intelligence Materials No. 9, Feb. 9, 1942, Microfilm Roll #23, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933–1944, pt. 4: Subject Files.

75
 “There is a prevailing desire”: Ibid.

75
 America’s efforts: Samuel Eliot Morison,
History of the United States Naval Operations in World War II
, vol. 3,
The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931–April 1942
(1948; reprint, Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), pp. 223–54.

75
 “The enemy is on the island”: Ibid., p. 248.

75
 “Everyone seems to feel”: Gordon W. Prange, with Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon,
Miracle at Midway
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), p. 6.

75
 “a worse blow”: Ibid.

75
 Constructed atop: “Singapore Stormed,”
New York Times
, Feb. 15, 1942, p. E1.

75
 “Christ”: Joseph Stilwell diary, Feb. 18, 1942, in White, ed.,
The Stilwell Papers
, p. 40.

75
 For the first time: Survey of Intelligence Materials No. 10, Feb. 16, 1942, Microfilm Roll #23, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933–1944, pt. 4: Subject Files.

75
 “There can be”: Hanson W. Baldwin, “10 Weeks of Pacific War Show Japan Unchecked,”
New York Times
, Feb. 15, 1942, p. E4.

76
 “If you will”: Press Conference #807, Feb. 24, 1942, in
Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, vol. 19,
1942
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), pp. 155–56.

76
 “In the name”: Survey of Intelligence Materials No. 10, Feb. 16, 1942.

76
 The unity: Survey of Intelligence Materials No. 11, Feb. 23, 1942, Microfilm Roll #30, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933–1944, pt. 4: Subject Files; Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time
, pp. 321–23; Francis Biddle memo to Franklin Roosevelt, Feb. 17, 1942, Box 7, OF 18, FDRL; Kyle Palmer, “Speedy Moving of Japs Urged,”
Los Angles Times
, Jan. 31, 1942, p. 1.

76
 “A viper”: W. H. Anderson, “The Question of Japanese-Americans,”
Los Angeles Times
, Feb. 2, 1942, p. A4.

76
 “Herd ’em up”: Henry McLemore, “Why Treat the Japs Well Here?,”
San Francisco Examiner
, Jan. 29, 1942, p. 9.

76
 “A Jap’s a Jap”: Headquarters Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Office of the Commanding General, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between General DeWitt and Mr. McCloy, Asst. Secretary of War, Washington, D.C.,” April 14, 1943, NARA.