The Addicted Brain (30 page)
in adolescents,
164-166
defined,
3
dopamine system and,
155-156
effect on brain,
59-60
gene expression,
63-69
glucose utilization,
70-71
postmortem studies,
69-70
in elderly adults,
167
gambling addiction compared,
127-130
long-lasting effects of,
85
benefits of researching,
92-93
brain imaging studies of,
85-90
protein synthesis/degradation rates,
91-92
returning brain to normal after,
93-94
as metabolic disease,
182-183
moral versus physical effects,
27
powerfulness of,
73-74
eating and dopamine connection,
74-77
glutamate, acetylcholine, and dopamine connection,
80-81
sexual behavior and dopamine connection,
77-79
survival functions and dopamine connection,
79-80
research.
See
research
sensitization and,
63
tolerance and,
62-63
withdrawal and,
60-62
women, differences from men,
159-161
hormonal influences,
161-163
treatment plans,
163-164
drug dependence, defined,
3
drug treatment programs.
See
treatment
drug use.
See also
drug abuse; drug addiction
by animals in nature,
19-20
defined,
2
enriched environments and,
124-125
history of,
3
legal versus illegal, statistics on,
6
phases of
animal research in,
22
explained,
7
self-administration of drugs by animals,
16-19
CART peptide example,
22-24
in phases of drug use,
22
relapse and cravings,
25-26
self-stimulation of brain and,
35-37
stress and,
118-119
early life stress,
119-121
social defeat,
124
social rank,
121-123
vulnerability to,
99-100
adolescence and,
107-109
availability of drugs and,
107
controlling risk factors,
110
factors in,
100
gene expression and,
101-106
impaired judgment,
109
personality traits and,
107
psychological problems and,
106-107
rider and elephant metaphor,
110-112
drugs
of abuse.
See also names of specific drugs (for example cocaine, morphine, etc.)
neurotransmitters compared,
48-49
related neurotransmitters,
43
speed of entry into brain,
52-54
classes of,
4-5
delivery methods,
53
dose-response studies,
37
harmful effects
addictive properties versus,
137-138
of alcohol,
138-141
of benzodiazepines,
148-149
of caffeine,
152-153
of club drugs,
150-151
of cocaine,
145-146
of marijuana,
143-144
of methamphetamine,
146-148
of nicotine,
141-143
of opiates,
149-150
of PCP,
151-152
legalization versus decriminalization,
198-200
legitimate uses for,
5
medications versus,
5
reasons for taking,
6
DSM IV TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
,
2
,
13
,
130
early life stress, drug use and,
119-121
eating, dopamine and,
74-77
eating disorders
as addiction,
130-132
gene expression and,
76-77
Ecstasy, harmful effects of,
150-151
Edwards, Griffith,
202
Edwards, Roy,
95
elderly adults, drug addiction in,
167
electrical stimulation reinforcement,
29
deep brain stimulation (DBS),
33-34
drug use and,
35-37
food and water deprivation and,
34
self-stimulation,
30-33
elephant and rider metaphor,
110-112
emotional behavior, limbic system and,
10
emotional problems, vulnerability to drug use and,
106-107
emotional reactions to stress,
116
endogenous cannabinoids,
143
endorphins, morphine’s effect on,
51-52
enkephalins
morphine’s effect on,
51-52
as neurotransmitters,
191
enriched environments, drug use and,
124-125
enzymes, defined,
41
epinephrine,
116
estrogen, effect on cocaine addiction,
161-163
excitatory signals,
42
excuse, addiction as,
133
exercise, as treatment,
178
family therapy,
178
finding treatment, resources for information,
184-186
Fitch, F.,
192
Fleckenstein, Annette,
147
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging),
12
food deprivation, electrical stimulation reinforcement and,
34
food intake, dopamine and,
74-77
Francis, Darlene,
119
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),
12
functions of brain regions,
10-11
future
of addiction research,
191
of treatment programs,
190
of vaccines against drug abuse,
192-194
G-protein coupled receptors,
44
GABA
alcohol’s effects on,
140
as neurotransmitter,
191
GABA-A receptors,
149
gambling addiction,
127-130
nonregular awards and,
20-21
Gardner, Elliot,
37
gender differences in drug addiction,
159-161
hormonal influences,
161-163
treatment plans,
163-164
gene expression,
191
binge eating and,
76-77
changes in,
63-69
vulnerability to drug use and,
101
,
103-106
genetic changes
enriched environments and,
125
tracking,
101
genetics,
11
genome-wide association studies (GWAS),
103-104
GHB, harmful effects of,
151
glucose utilization,
70-71
glutamate
dopamine and,
80-81
as neurotransmitter,
191
Goeders, Nick,
146
Goldstein, Avram,
199
Gorelick, David,
77
Grant, K.,
122
group therapy,
178
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
,
28
GWAS (genome-wide assocation studies),
103-104
Haidt, Jonathan,
110
half life,
91
hallucinations, as withdrawal symptom,
62
hallucinogens, as drug class,
4
harmful effects of drugs
addictive properties versus,
137-138
of alcohol,
138-141
of benzodiazepines,
148-149
of caffeine,
152-153
of club drugs,
150-151
of cocaine,
145-146
of marijuana,
143-144
of methamphetamine,
146-148
of nicotine,
141-143
of opiates,
149-150
of PCP,
151-152
hashish,
143
Hatsukami, Dorothy,
142
Heath, Robert,
32
heroin
alternate names for,
4
harmful effects of,
149
addictive properties versus,
138
Higgins, Steve,
178
histones,
67-68
history
of chemical neurotransmission discovery,
55
of dopamine and drug addiction research,
155-156
of dopamine in neurotransmitter research,
56-57
of drug use,
3
Hoebel, Bartley,
132
hormones
influence in drug addiction,
161-163
released during stress,
116
Howell, Leonard,
201
humans
drug abuse research on,
28
limitations of research on,
69
self-stimulation of brain,
32-33
ice.
See
methamphetamine
illicit drugs
legal drug use versus, statistics on,
6
legalization versus decriminalization,
198-200
imaging tools,
12
impaired judgment from drug abuse,
109
in vitro labeling autoradiography of receptors,
90
individual therapy,
178
infectious disease testing in treatment plans,
176
inhalants
adolescent usage of,
164
list of,
4
inhibitory signals,
42
injection of drugs,
53
intermediates,
42
involuntary treatment,
176
ion channel receptors,
44-45
Johanson, Chris-Ellyn,
25
judgment, impairment from drug abuse,
109
Kalivas, Peter,
80
Ketamine, harmful effects of,
151
King, Brett,
156
Klonopin,
148
Korsakoff’s syndrome,
140
Kosten, TA,
120
Kreek, Mary Jeanne,
118
Kuhl, David,
95
lateral hypothalamus,
32
legal drug use, statistics on illegal drug use versus,
6
legalization of drugs,
198-200
Life Skills Training (LST),
183
ligand-gated ion channel receptor,
45
limbic system,
10
liver disease,
140
Loewi, Otto,
55
London, Edythe,
110
long-lasting effects of drug addiction,
85
benefits of researching,
92-93
brain imaging studies of,
85-90
protein synthesis/degradation rates,
91-92
returning brain to normal after,
93-94