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Authors: James Kakalios
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BOOK: The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics
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51 “In addition to electromagnetism, the intrinsic field must be comprised of forces”:
The Quantum World: Quantum Physics for Everyone,
Kenneth W. Ford (Harvard University Press, 2004).
The Quantum World: Quantum Physics for Everyone,
Kenneth W. Ford (Harvard University Press, 2004).
52 “The neutron, discovered in 1932”:
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
52 (footnote) “when Guido, a superstrong member of a team of superpowered mutants”:
X-Factor
# 72, written by Peter David and drawn by Larry Stroman (Marvel Comics, Nov. 1991).
X-Factor
# 72, written by Peter David and drawn by Larry Stroman (Marvel Comics, Nov. 1991).
56 “At the start of the twentieth century, physicists debated”:
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory,
George Gamow (Dover, 1985).
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory,
George Gamow (Dover, 1985).
57 (footnote) “to quote Krusty the Clown”:
The Simpsons,
episode # 3F08, “Sideshow Bob’s Last Gleaning,” written by Spike Ferensten and directed by Dominic Polcino (Nov. 1995).
The Simpsons,
episode # 3F08, “Sideshow Bob’s Last Gleaning,” written by Spike Ferensten and directed by Dominic Polcino (Nov. 1995).
57 “An important step in reconciling this puzzle was Niels Bohr’s suggestion in 1913”:
Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume,
edited by A. P. French and P. J. Kennedy (Harvard University Press, 1985).
Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume,
edited by A. P. French and P. J. Kennedy (Harvard University Press, 1985).
59 “This newly detected element was named helium”:
Helium: Child of the Sun,
Clifford W. Seibel (University Press of Kansas, 1968);
Reading the Mind of God: In Search of the Principle of Universality,
James Trefil (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989).
Helium: Child of the Sun,
Clifford W. Seibel (University Press of Kansas, 1968);
Reading the Mind of God: In Search of the Principle of Universality,
James Trefil (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989).
60
Strange Adventures
# 62, “The Fireproof Man,” written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino (DC Comics, Nov. 1955).
Strange Adventures
# 62, “The Fireproof Man,” written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino (DC Comics, Nov. 1955).
60 (footnote)
Seduction of the Innocent,
Frederic Wertham (Rinehart Press, 1953).
Seduction of the Innocent,
Frederic Wertham (Rinehart Press, 1953).
62 “Following a seminar presentation by Schrödinger of the ‘standing wave’ model of electrons in an atom”:
Schrödinger: Life and Thought
, Walter Moore (Cambridge University Press, 1989);
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002).
CHAPTER 6Schrödinger: Life and Thought
, Walter Moore (Cambridge University Press, 1989);
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002).
65 (footnote) “Historians of science debate to this day the identity of the woman”:
Schrödinger: Life and Thought
, Walter Moore (Cambridge University Press, 1989);
Faust in Copenhagen: A Struggle for the Soul of Physics,
Gino Segre (Viking, 2007).
Schrödinger: Life and Thought
, Walter Moore (Cambridge University Press, 1989);
Faust in Copenhagen: A Struggle for the Soul of Physics,
Gino Segre (Viking, 2007).
68 “When Schrödinger first solved this equation for the hydrogen atom”:
Men Who Made a New Physics,
Barbara Lovett Cline (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
Men Who Made a New Physics,
Barbara Lovett Cline (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
71 “One intriguing consequence of the Schrödinger equation”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
72 “Schrödinger’s equation destroyed the notion”:
Men Who Made a New Physics,
Barbara Lovett Cline (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
CHAPTER 7Men Who Made a New Physics,
Barbara Lovett Cline (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
74 “Heisenberg’s struggle to envision what the electron was doing”:
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002).
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002).
75 “In 1925 Heisenberg exiled himself to the German island of Helgoland”: Ibid.
79 “It is the standard deviations of these two bell-shaped curves”:
The Quantum World: Quantum Physics for Everyone,
Kenneth W. Ford (Harvard University Press, 2004).
The Quantum World: Quantum Physics for Everyone,
Kenneth W. Ford (Harvard University Press, 2004).
82 “explains why scientists are concerned about an increase in the average global temperature of a few degrees”:
Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the United States,
CBO Paper (Congressional Budget Office, May 2009).
Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the United States,
CBO Paper (Congressional Budget Office, May 2009).
83 “Fresh snow reflects 80 to 90 percent of all sunlight”:
Energy in Nature and Society,
Vaclav Smil (MIT Press, 2008).
CHAPTER 8Energy in Nature and Society,
Vaclav Smil (MIT Press, 2008).
85 “Dr. Manhattan”:
Watchmen,
written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons (DC Comics, 1986, 1987).
Watchmen,
written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons (DC Comics, 1986, 1987).
85 “The quantum mechanical wave function contains all the information”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
88 (figure caption) Image adapted from
The Atom and Its Nucleus
, George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
The Atom and Its Nucleus
, George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
89 “this ‘leakage effect’ is observed for electrons”:
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961);
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory,
George Gamow (Dover, 1985).
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961);
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory,
George Gamow (Dover, 1985).
90 “the Schrödinger equation is linear”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
91 “‘nothing ever ends’”:
Watchmen
# 12, written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons (DC Comics, Oct. 1987).
Watchmen
# 12, written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons (DC Comics, Oct. 1987).
91 “Dave Gibbons, the artist of
Watchmen,
once stated in a radio interview”: Interview with Dave Gibbons and James Kakalios, Minnesota Public Radio,
Science Friday,
hosted by Ira Flatow, March 27, 2009.
Watchmen,
once stated in a radio interview”: Interview with Dave Gibbons and James Kakalios, Minnesota Public Radio,
Science Friday,
hosted by Ira Flatow, March 27, 2009.
92 “they emit electromagnetic radiation in the blue-ultraviolet portion of the spectrum”:
Introduction to High Energy Physics
, 2nd edition, Donald H. Perkins (Addison-Wesley, 1982).
Introduction to High Energy Physics
, 2nd edition, Donald H. Perkins (Addison-Wesley, 1982).
94 “then as the wave function contains
all
the information”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
all
the information”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
95-96 “One interpretation was provided by Hugh Everett III”:
The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics,
edited by Bryce S. DeWitt and Neill Graham (Princeton University Press, 1973);
The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III
, Peter Byrne (Oxford University Press, 2010).
The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics,
edited by Bryce S. DeWitt and Neill Graham (Princeton University Press, 1973);
The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III
, Peter Byrne (Oxford University Press, 2010).
96
Flatland,
Edwin Abbott (Seely and Co., 1884).
Flatland,
Edwin Abbott (Seely and Co., 1884).
96 “The Fifth Dimensional Catapult,” Murray Leinster, first published in
Astounding
(January 1931).
Astounding
(January 1931).
96 “Plattner’s Story,” H. G. Wells, from
Thirty Strange Stories
(Harper and Bros., 1897).
Thirty Strange Stories
(Harper and Bros., 1897).
96 “The Remarkable Case of Davidson’s Eyes,” H. G. Wells, from
The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents
(Methuen, 1895).
CHAPTER 9The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents
(Methuen, 1895).
101 “joined by the refrain of ‘tic, tic, tic’”: “Tic, Tic, Tic,” sung by Doris Day in
My Dream Is Yours
(Warner Bros., 1949), music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Ralph Blaine.
My Dream Is Yours
(Warner Bros., 1949), music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Ralph Blaine.
101
The Atomic Kid
(Republic Pictures, 1954), written by Blake Edwards, Benedict Freedman, and John Fenton Murray and directed by Leslie H. Martinson.
The Atomic Kid
(Republic Pictures, 1954), written by Blake Edwards, Benedict Freedman, and John Fenton Murray and directed by Leslie H. Martinson.
101-102
The Beast of Yucca Flats,
written and directed by Coleman Francis (Image Entertainment, 1961).
The Beast of Yucca Flats,
written and directed by Coleman Francis (Image Entertainment, 1961).
102 “the true effects of radiation exposure were publicly known”: “Hiroshima,” John Hersey,
The New Yorker,
August 31, 1946, reprinted in
Reporting World War II: American Journalism 1938-1946
(Library of America, 1995).
The New Yorker,
August 31, 1946, reprinted in
Reporting World War II: American Journalism 1938-1946
(Library of America, 1995).
102 “The 1957 television program
Disneyland
featured Dr. Heinz Haber”:
The Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom,
Heinz Haber (Dell Publishing, 1956).
Disneyland
featured Dr. Heinz Haber”:
The Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom,
Heinz Haber (Dell Publishing, 1956).
102
Across the Space Frontier,
edited by Cornelius Ryan, written by Werhner Von Braun, Oscar Schachter, and Willy Ley and illustrated by Chesley Bonestell (Viking, 1952).
Across the Space Frontier,
edited by Cornelius Ryan, written by Werhner Von Braun, Oscar Schachter, and Willy Ley and illustrated by Chesley Bonestell (Viking, 1952).
103 “In 1957 Ford proposed a car called the Nucleon,”:
Alien Hand Syndrome,
Alan Bellows (Workman Publishing Co., 2009).
Alien Hand Syndrome,
Alan Bellows (Workman Publishing Co., 2009).
103
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea,
Jules Verne (Dodo Press, 2007).
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea,
Jules Verne (Dodo Press, 2007).
104 (footnote) “The sponsor for the Disneyland program”:
Fast Food Nation,
Eric Schlosser (Houghton Mifflin, 2004).
Fast Food Nation,
Eric Schlosser (Houghton Mifflin, 2004).
104 “When Erenst Rutherford’s lab conducted experiments”:
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961);
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002).
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961);
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002).
105 “For a while, physicists thought that the nucleus contained both protons and electrons”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
106 (footnote) “To maintain stability in a nucleus requires a critical balance of the number of neutrons and protons”: Ibid.
107 “A dictionary from the end of the nineteenth century”:
The Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom,
Heinz Haber (Dell Publishing, 1956).
The Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom,
Heinz Haber (Dell Publishing, 1956).
107 “In 1937 Italian physicist Enrico Fermi”:
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
110 “Gilbert’s U-238 Atomic Energy Lab”: created by Alfred Carlton Gilbert (founder of the Gilbert Hall of Science in New York City in 1941), with consultation with the physics faculty at MIT (1951).
110
Learn How Dagwood Splits the Atom,
written by John Dunning and Louis Heil and drawn by Joe Musial (King Features Syndicate, 1949).
Learn How Dagwood Splits the Atom,
written by John Dunning and Louis Heil and drawn by Joe Musial (King Features Syndicate, 1949).
110 “Buck Rogers newspaper strip published in 1929”:
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century: The Complete Newspaper Dailies,
vol. 1,
1929- 1930,
written by Philip Nowlan and drawn by Richard Calkins (Hermes Press, 2008).
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century: The Complete Newspaper Dailies,
vol. 1,
1929- 1930,
written by Philip Nowlan and drawn by Richard Calkins (Hermes Press, 2008).
111
Secret Service Operator No. 5,
issue # 47, written by Wayne Rogers (under the pen name Curtis Steele) (Sept. 1939).
Secret Service Operator No. 5,
issue # 47, written by Wayne Rogers (under the pen name Curtis Steele) (Sept. 1939).
111
The World Set Free,
H. G. Wells (Quiet Vision Publishing, 2000).
The World Set Free,
H. G. Wells (Quiet Vision Publishing, 2000).
112
The Interpretation of Radium: Being the Substance of Six Free Popular Experimental Lectures Delivered at the University of Glasgow,
Frederick Soddy (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1909).
The Interpretation of Radium: Being the Substance of Six Free Popular Experimental Lectures Delivered at the University of Glasgow,
Frederick Soddy (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1909).
112 “This novel made a strong impression on one particular reader”:
Different Engines: How Science Drives Fiction and Fiction Drives Science,
Mark L. Brake and Neil Hook (Macmillan, 2008).
CHAPTER 10Different Engines: How Science Drives Fiction and Fiction Drives Science,
Mark L. Brake and Neil Hook (Macmillan, 2008).
114
Them!
written by Ted Sherdeman, Russell Hughes, and George Worthing Yates and directed by Gordon Douglas (Warner Bros., 1954).
Them!
written by Ted Sherdeman, Russell Hughes, and George Worthing Yates and directed by Gordon Douglas (Warner Bros., 1954).
114
The Amazing Colossal Man,
written by Mark Hanna and Bert I. Gordon and directed by Bert I. Gordon (Malibu Productions, 1957).
The Amazing Colossal Man,
written by Mark Hanna and Bert I. Gordon and directed by Bert I. Gordon (Malibu Productions, 1957).
114
War of the Colossal Beast,
written by Bert I. Gordon and George Worthing Yates and directed by Bert I. Gordon (Carmel Productions,1958).
War of the Colossal Beast,
written by Bert I. Gordon and George Worthing Yates and directed by Bert I. Gordon (Carmel Productions,1958).
114
The Beginning of the End,
written by Fred Freiberger and Lester Gorn and directed by Bert I. Gordon (AB-PT Pictures Corp., 1957).
The Beginning of the End,
written by Fred Freiberger and Lester Gorn and directed by Bert I. Gordon (AB-PT Pictures Corp., 1957).
114
It Came from Beneath the Sea,
written by George Worthing Yates and Hal Smith and directed by Robert Gordon (Clover Productions, 1955).
It Came from Beneath the Sea,
written by George Worthing Yates and Hal Smith and directed by Robert Gordon (Clover Productions, 1955).
114
The Attack of the Giant Leeches,
written by Leo Gordon and directed by Bernard L. Kowalski (American International Pictures, 1959).
The Attack of the Giant Leeches,
written by Leo Gordon and directed by Bernard L. Kowalski (American International Pictures, 1959).
114
The Incredible Shrinking Man,
written by Richard Matheson and directed by Jack Arnold (Universal, 1957).
The Incredible Shrinking Man,
written by Richard Matheson and directed by Jack Arnold (Universal, 1957).
114
Dr. Cyclops,
written by Tom Kilpatrick and directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack (Paramount, 1940).
Dr. Cyclops,
written by Tom Kilpatrick and directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack (Paramount, 1940).
116 “Even though the nucleus can lower its energy by ejecting an alpha particle”:
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
117 “One important similarity between the lottery scenario and the decay of unstable nuclei”:
The Quantum World: Quantum Physics for Everyone,
Kenneth W. Ford (Harvard University Press, 2004).
The Quantum World: Quantum Physics for Everyone,
Kenneth W. Ford (Harvard University Press, 2004).
119
Learn How Dagwood Splits the Atom,
written by John Dunning and Louis Heil and drawn by Joe Musial (King Features Syndicate, 1949).
Learn How Dagwood Splits the Atom,
written by John Dunning and Louis Heil and drawn by Joe Musial (King Features Syndicate, 1949).
119-120 “why is there any tritium still around”:
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
120 “Sheldon Kauffman and Willard F. Libby did the next best thing”: “The Natural Distribution of Tritium,” Sheldon Kaufman and W. F. Libby,
Physical Review
93 (1954), p. 1337. See
http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v93/p1337
for this article.
Physical Review
93 (1954), p. 1337. See
http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v93/p1337
for this article.
124 “Elements that emit gamma rays, alpha particles, or beta particles”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
125 (figure caption) Buck Rogers ray-gun image from
Raygun,
Eugene W. Metcalf and Frank Maresca, photographed by Charles Bechtold (Fotofolio, 1999).
Raygun,
Eugene W. Metcalf and Frank Maresca, photographed by Charles Bechtold (Fotofolio, 1999).
125 (figure caption) Penetration of matter by radiation image adapted from
www.hyperphysics.phys-astr.gsu.edu
Web site.
www.hyperphysics.phys-astr.gsu.edu
Web site.
126 “Russian journalist Alexander Litvinenko was murdered”:
The Terminal Spy: A True Story of Espionage, Betrayal and Murder,
Alan S. Crowell (Broadway, 2008).
The Terminal Spy: A True Story of Espionage, Betrayal and Murder,
Alan S. Crowell (Broadway, 2008).
127 “When some of these particles strike the DNA in our cells”: “Cosmic Rays: A Review for Astrobiologists,” Franco Ferrari and Ewa Szuszkiewicz,
Astrobiology
9, 413 (2009).
CHAPTER 11Astrobiology
9, 413 (2009).
128 “In the 1962 Gold Key comic book series”:
Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom,
written by Paul S. Newman and drawn by Bob Fujitani (Gold Key Comics, 1962), reprinted in
Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom,
vols. 1-4 (Dark Horse Books, 2004-2008).
Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom,
written by Paul S. Newman and drawn by Bob Fujitani (Gold Key Comics, 1962), reprinted in
Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom,
vols. 1-4 (Dark Horse Books, 2004-2008).
129 “Captain Atom”:
Space Adventures
# 33, written by Joe Gill and Steve Ditko and drawn by Steve Ditko (Charlton Comics, Mar. 1960), reprinted in
Action Hero Archives,
vol. 1 (DC Comics, 2004).
Space Adventures
# 33, written by Joe Gill and Steve Ditko and drawn by Steve Ditko (Charlton Comics, Mar. 1960), reprinted in
Action Hero Archives,
vol. 1 (DC Comics, 2004).
129
Dr. Solar, Man of the Atom
# 14, written by Paul S. Newman and drawn by Frank Bolle (Gold Key Comics, Sept. 1965), reprinted in
Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom,
vol. 2 (Dark Horse Books, 2005).
Dr. Solar, Man of the Atom
# 14, written by Paul S. Newman and drawn by Frank Bolle (Gold Key Comics, Sept. 1965), reprinted in
Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom,
vol. 2 (Dark Horse Books, 2005).
130 “Neutrons themselves are not stable”:
The Story of Quantum Mechanics,
Victor Guillemin (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968).
The Story of Quantum Mechanics,
Victor Guillemin (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968).
131 “When physicists in the late 1920s discovered this phenomenon”:
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory,
George Gamow (Dover, 1985).
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory,
George Gamow (Dover, 1985).
132 “fortunately this inverse process occurs constantly in the center of the sun”: “Nuclear Astrophysics,” M. Arnould and K. Takahashi,
Rep. Prog. Phys.
62, 395 (1999).
Rep. Prog. Phys.
62, 395 (1999).
BOOK: The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics
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