The Body Hunters (40 page)

Guess, Harry,
138

Guidelines for the Conduct of Research Involving
Human Subjects
(NIH),
61

Guinea Pig Zero
(journal),
157

guinea pigs.
See
test subjects

Gulati, Rajiv,
131

Gulhati, Chandra,
34
,
115

Haiti,
101
,
135
,
148

Halsey, Neal,
93
,
94

Harrington, Mark,
169

Harvard Medical School,
161

Hashwani, S.,
151

Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of,
7
,
157
,
159

health care: cost of,
60
,
74
,
82

heart attacks,
47
,
55
,
59

heart disease.
See
cardiovascular disease

Heart Disease Weekly
,
56

Heller, Jean,
74

hepatitis,
73
,
116

Herceptin,
4
,
161

Hilts, Philip,
18
,
38
,
78

Hinduja Hospital (Mumbai, India),
120–21

Hirsch, Laurence,
138

HIV/AIDS: access to drugs for,
81–83
,
94
; conferences/meetings about,
89–90
,
94
,
95
,
111
; and conflicts of interest in clinical trials,
83–85
; cost of drugs for,
79
,
80
,
81
,
82–83
,
89
,
95
,
99
,
102
,
105
,
108
,
110–11
; denialism of,
100–111
; emergence of,
100
; and ethics,
133
,
139–43
; and globalization of clinical trials,
8
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
; increase in research about,
76
; and informed consent,
107
,
109–10
,
148
,
149
; isolation of cause of,
78
; lack of subjects for trials for,
80
; and megamarkets for drugs,
44
; and outsourcing to India,
116
; and placebo studies,
19–29
,
31–35
,
80
,
87–91
,
93–95
,
97–98
,
106
,
107
,
110
,
111
; and risk-benefit analysis,
166–70
,
171
; second rate treatments,
111
; side effects of drugs for,
47
; and substandard care,
77–99
.
See also
nevirapine
;
nitazoxanide
;
VaxGen

HIVNET 012 trial,
97–98
,
108
,
109–10
,
139

Ho, David,
92–93
,
96

Hoescht Marion Roussel,
48–50

Hollinger, Mannfred,
100

Hollis-Eden,
105
,
106

Hollis, Richard,
105
,
106
,
111

homeless,
154–55

Hopkins, Scott,
145–46

Horrobin, David,
5

Horton, Richard,
142

hospitals: in India,
116
.
See also specific hospital

Human, Delon,
133
,
136–138

human rights,
76
,
91
,
103
,
110
,
164
,
168
,
175

Human Rights Watch,
168

Hungary,
1

hypertension,
8
,
14
,
44

Ijsselmuiden, Carel,
10

Immunitin (HE2000),
105–6
,
107

Imperial College (London, England),
154

impotence:
See also
sildenafil (Viagra)

incentives/money: for Indian clinical trials,
116–17
; and informed consent,
149
,
154–57
,
158–61
; for physicians,
158–60
,
161
,
173
; and risk-benefit analysis,
171–74

India: as British colony,
11
; drug industry in,
114–15
; ethics in,
112
,
113
,
114
,
117–18
,
120
; generic manufacturers in,
111
; and globalization of clinical trials,
7
,
8
,
9
,
12
,
14
,
15
,
119
,
120–21
,
126–30
; HIV/AIDS in,
116
; humans as test subjects in,
112–13
; incentives/money in,
172–73
; informed consent in,
151
; licensing in,
114
; medical schools in,
113–14
; medical services in,
115–16
; and nitazoxanide-placebo study,
34
; outsourcing to,
112–31
; and risk-benefit analysis,
171
,
172–73

Indian Council of Medical Research,
113

Indian Medical Association,
114
,
120

Indiana Bible College,
155–56

infant mortality,
12
,
74

infectious diseases,
72–73
.
See also specific disease

informed consent,
144–63
; barriers to,
150–52
; and children,
146
,
152
,
158
; and conflict of interest,
158–61
; and deliberate misleading of subjects,
152
,
158–62
; and “don't ask, don't tell” atmosphere,
147
; and ethics,
71
,
137
,
142
,
143
,
152
,
153
,
156–57
; and HIV/AIDS,
107
,
109–10
,
148
,
149
; and humans as test subjects,
64
,
71
,
72
,
75–76
; as impossible standard,
162–63
; and incentives/money,
149
,
154–57
,
158–60
,
161
; legislation about,
41
; and main purpose of medical research,
176
,
177
; and methods for bridging gulf between investigators and patients,
150–51
; as not voluntary,
148
; and outsourcing to India,
113
,
119–20
; and oversight committees,
75
; and physicians,
151–52
; and placebo studies,
154
,
156
,
160–61
; and therapy versus experimentation,
158–59
,
161
; in U.S.,
153–57
,
158
,
159–60

institutional review boards (IRBs),
75–76
,
85
,
117

insulin: Boyer's work on,
42–43

International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, Germany),
69–71

International Monetary Fund (IMF),
12
,
13
,
25

International Nursing Review
,
151

intravenous drug users,
140–42
,
143
,
167
,
168

invasive procedures,
8–9

iron supplements,
148

irregular heartbeats,
47

Ivory Coast.
See
Côte d'Ivoire
,
88

Ivy, Andrew,
70–71
,
72

Jackson, Jay Brooks,
85–88
,
97–99
,
108
,
109–10
,
111
,
139
,
140–42
,
171

Japan,
69
,
149

Jesani, Amar,
117–18

Jews,
68–69

Johns Hopkins University,
88
,
93
,
96
,
171

Johnson, Traci,
155–56

Journal of Infectious Diseases
,
107

Journal of Medical Ethics
,
139

Journal of the American Medical Association
(JAMA),
57
,
72

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand
,
148

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
,
151

journals: drug advertising in,
48
.
See also specific journal

justice,
75
,
76

Kaninda, Anne-Valerie,
150

Kano Infectious Disease Hospital (Nigeria),
146
,
150
,
172

Kapadia, Farhad,
119
,
120–21
,
127
,
131
,
162

Katz, Jay,
71

Kelder, Indrek,
147–48

Kelly, Paul S.,
28
,
29
,
31
,
32–33

Kennedy, Donald,
165

Kennedy, John F.,
40

Kenya,
12
,
101–2
,
149

Koop, C. Everett,
159

Koprowski, Hilary,
72

Kramer, Larry,
78

Krugman, Saul,
73

Kumar, Vijai,
9

Kusel, Elaine,
152

kwashiorkor,
101

labels: listing of ingredients on,
37

Lallemant, Marc,
91
,
93
,
98
,
111

lamivudine (Epivir),
107

Lancet
(journal),
5
,
94
,
142

Lasagna, Louis,
32

Latin America,
7
,
9
,
12
,
14
,
134
,
151–52
.
See also specific nation

Latinos: as test subjects,
72

Latvia,
9

Lebanon,
127

Lee, John C.M.,
152

Leff, Ben,
155
,
156

leprosy,
112

letrozole (Femara),
113

Levine, Robert,
132–33
,
136

Levy, Jean-Paul,
84

Lewis, Stephen,
26–27

licensing: of physicians,
114

Lieberman, Jeffrey,
57–58

life-enhancing drugs,
53

life expectancy,
12
,
14
,
74

lifestyle drugs,
45–46
,
60–61

Lipitor.
See
atorvastatin

Lipsky, Janice,
52

Loew, Caroline,
136
,
137

Logan, Bradley,
8

Lokhandwala, Yash,
172
,
173

London, Leslie,
174

loratadine (Claritin)
49–50
,
55
,
60

Loudon, James,
149

lovastatin (Mevacor),
45
,
53–54

lung disease,
14
,
134

Lung Institute (Cape Town, South Africa),
16–17

Lurie, Mark,
93

Lurie, Peter,
88–91
,
92
,
93
,
94
,
95
,
97
,
132
,
134
,
137–38
,
139

Macugen.
See
pegaptanib

“magic bullet” drugs: emergence of,
38

malaria: and globalization of clinical trials,
12
,
14
; and humans as test subjects,
64
,
67
,
68–69
,
70–71
,
72
; and informed consent,
149
; medicines for,
11
; and megamarkets for drugs,
44
; and risk-benefit analysis,
167
,
169

Malaysia,
9

Mali,
21

Mandela, Nelson,
103
,
106