The Body Hunters (42 page)

Quinn, Tom,
82

Quintiles Transnational,
6–7
,
8
,
9
,
105–6
,
159

racism,
74–75
,
90
,
94
,
100–111
.
See also
African Americans

radioactive materials,
67–68
,
72

Raifeld, Yuri,
9

Rais, Nadeem,
118–19
,
171

Raj, Arul,
120

Ranbaxy,
15

randomized controlled trials (RCTs): as basis for clinical experimentation,
41
; double-blind,
30
; and FDA regulations,
58
; and HIV/AIDS,
81
; and independence of academic researchers,
58
; for loratadine (Claritin),
55
; and outsourcing to India,
119
,
120
; and placebo effect,
32
; and politics,
31–32
; requirements for,
41
; and risk-benefit analysis,
171–72
; as tenet of medical research,
30
; choice of control in,
31
.
See also specific study

Raymond, Betsy,
146

Reagan (Ronald) administration,
78

regulation: and outsourcing to India,
113
,
114–15
.
See also specific agency or organization

Retrovir.
See
zidovudine (AZT)

Reverby, Susan,
65

Richardson-Merrell,
39–40

risk-benefit analysis,
164–74
; and access to study drug after trial ends,
170–71
; for effectiveness,
51
; and ethics,
173–74
; and faith in benefits of medicine,
165–66
; and growth of drug industry,
61
; and HIV/AIDS,
85
; and humans as test subjects,
71–73
,
75
; and incentives/money,
171–74
; and minimizing of risks,
164–66
; and oversight committees,
75

Robbins, Fred,
86

Rocephin.
See
ceftriaxone

Roche (drug company),
146

Roche, Ellen,
160

Rockefeller Foundation,
64

Romania,
9
,
127

Romark Laboratories: nitazoxanide-placebo study by,
20–35

Roosevelt, Franklin D.,
66

Rossignol, Jean-François,
20
,
21
,
24

rosuvastatin (Crestor),
53
,
54
,
55

Ruff, Andrea,
93

Russia,
7
,
8–9
,
127
,
149

safety, drug,
41
,
46

Salk, Jonas,
4
,
31–32
,
72

Sanghatana, Stree Shakti,
112

Sanne, Ian,
107

Saudi Arabia,
127

Schering-Plough,
36
,
48–50
,
55

schizophrenia,
159

Schuurmans, Macé,
172

Scientific American
(journal),
154

Scrip
(journal),
4

Sears, Cynthia,
24

Seda, Andrew Okal,
149

Seldane.
See
terfenadine

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI),
155–56

senior citizens: spending on drugs by,
44–45

sepsis,
121–31

Shahani, Ranjit,
118

sildenafil (Viagra),
51–53
,
60–61
,
129

Silliman, Nancy,
23

simvastatin (Zocor),
53

Singapore,
127

Slovak Republic,
127

Slovenia,
127

smallpox,
12

Soave, Rosemary,
23
,
24
,
29
,
33

soldiers: as test subjects,
68–69

Sommer, Alfred,
92–93
,
94
,
95
,
111

South Africa: ADDRESS trial in,
127
; and globalization of clinical trials,
7
,
8
,
9
,
15–17
; HIV/AIDS in,
100–111
,
140
,
148
; and informed consent,
148
; and risk-benefit analysis,
172

South African Medical and Dental Council,
101
,
103

South African Press Association,
103

Srinivasan, Sandhya,
117

state health departments: and placebo studies,
31–32

statins,
54–56
,
60

steroids,
123
,
128
,
129
,
131

The Story of Louis Pasteur
(film),
66

students: and informed consent,
154–56

Subutex.
See
buprenorphine

substandard care: and ethics,
132
,
140–41
; and HIV/AIDS,
77–99

Suffredini, Anthony,
126

suicide,
155–56

sulfanilamide,
38

Sullivan, Andrew,
22

surrogate end point,
46
,
47

Swaziland,
151

Switzerland,
172

syphilis: and humans as test subjects,
63–67
,
73–75
,
77
,
90
,
94
; penicillin as treatment for,
38

Syphilis Study, Tuskegee.
See
Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Tagamet.
See
cimetidine

Tambocor.
See
flecainide

taxes: and outsourcing to India,
117

television: drug advertising on,
48–50
,
51–52

Temple, Robert,
18
,
19
,
30
,
31
,
32
,
33
,
50
,
134
,
136–37
,
143
,
152
,
170

tenofovir (Viread),
167–70

terfenadine (Seldane),
48–49

test subjects: humans as,
62–76
,
77
,
90
,
94
,
108
,
112–13

tetracycline,
42

Thailand: ADDRESS trial in,
127
; and globalization of clinical trials,
9
; HIV/AIDS in,
84–85
,
88
,
91
,
94
,
96
,
97
,
142–43
,
148
,
149
,
166–67
,
168
; and informed consent,
148
,
149
; intravenous drug users in,
167
,
168
; and risk-benefit analysis,
166–67
,
168

thalidomide,
39–41

therapy: experimentation as differentiated from,
158–59
,
161

ThreeWire,
159

3M,
47

Tiefer, Leonore,
52

tobacco,
13
,
14

trade shows,
9–10

treatment: necessity of,
50–55

Treatment Action Group,
142
,
169

trovafloxacin (Trovan),
145–46
,
150
,
152
,
153
,
163
,
172

Trovan.
See
trovafloxacin
.

tuberculosis,
14
,
38
,
44
,
116

Turkey,
135

Tuskegee Syphilis Study,
4
,
66
,
67
,
70
,
73–75
,
77
,
90
,
94
,
132
,
154

typhoid,
69
,
73
,
101

Uganda,
86
,
87
,
88
,
97–98
,
99
,
101
,
109–10
,
111
,
135

UNAIDS,
90–91
,
93
,
95
,
139

UNICEF,
26
,
144

United Nations's Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS,
90–91

United States: government sponsored studies in,
69–71
,
72
,
149
,
154
; informed consent in,
153–57
,
158
,
159–60

university hospitals,
68
,
158

University of California,
68

University of Cape Town (South Africa),
17

University of Chicago,
68
,
155

University of Oklahoma,
160

University of Rochester Hospital,
68

University of South Florida,
160

University of Stellenbosch,
104
,
172

University Teaching Hospital (Lusaka, Zambia),
26–29
,
32–33
,
34
,
35
,
173

Upjohn,
42

Upvall, M.,
151

uranium,
72

VaxGen,
85
,
96
,
142
,
149

venereal disease,
63–65
.
See also
gonorrhea
;
syphilis

venograms,
8–9

Viagra.
See
sildenafal

Vick Chemical,
39

Viramune.
See
nevirapine

Viread.
See
tenofovir

Virodene,
103

vitamin A supplements,
93–94

Walterspiel, Juan,
145–46

Ward, Nicholas,
123

Warren, H. Shaw,
126

Warren, Mitchell,
169

WebMD,
129

Weschler, Jill,
36

Wilfert, Catherine,
92–93

Willowbrook State School (New York),
73
,
77

Wolfe, Sidney,
36
,
92

women: and HIV/AIDS,
148
,
167
; and informed consent,
148
; and outsourcing to India,
112
,
113
,
119–20
; and risk-benefit analysis,
167
.
See also
pregnant women

World Bank,
12
,
13
,
25
,
89
,
92
,
116

World Health Organization (WHO),
12
,
14
,
60
,
82–83
,
84
,
115
,
141–42
,
144
,
145
,
146

World Medical Association (WMA),
75–76
,
132–33
,
136–37
,
138–39
.
See also
Declaration of Helsinki

World Trade Organization (WTO),
15
,
116

World War II,
11–12
,
67–72
,
147

Wrentham State School (Massachusetts): children as test subjects in,
67–68

Wrigley Gums,
52

Wurzlemann, John,
1–2
,
3
,
8
,
9
,
36
,
127
,
170
,
173

Wyeth,
8

Xigris.
See
drotrecogin alfa

Yale University,
154

Yaxley, Simon,
105

Zagury, Daniel,
85

Zaire,
12
,
85

Zambia,
12
,
25–29
,
30
,
32–33
,
34
,
173

zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir): and ethics,
139
; and HIV/AIDS,
78–83
,
86
,
87
,
88
,
90
,
91
,
94
,
95
,
97
,
98
,
104
; and risk-benefit analysis,
166