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Illustration Credits

Page 1 © Trustees of the Portsmouth Estate. Reproduced by kind permission of the Tenth Earl of Portsmouth. Photo by Jeremy Whitaker.

Page 2 Courtesy of the Governors of Christ's Hospital.

Page 3 Top: Public domain

Bottom: Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig. Kunstmuseum des Landes Niedersachsen. Museumsfoto: B. P. Keiser.

Page 4 Top: Detail from the Bayeux Tapestry—11th Century. By special permission of Bayeux.

Bottom: Public domain.

Page 5 All public domain.

Page 6 Top: Portrait of Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) 1666 (oil on canvas) by John Hayls (fl.1651–76). National Portrait Gallery, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Bottom: © Museum of London.

Page 7 Top: © CORBIS.

Bottom: Bull and bear baiting (woodcut) (b&w photo) by English School.

Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.

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Bottom left: SSPL/Science Museum/Getty Images.

Bottom right: Wellcome Library, London.

Page 9 All public domain.

Page 10 All public domain.

Page 11 Public domain.

Page 12 Top: Portrait of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), astronomer and physicist (drawing), by Ottavio Mario Leoni (c.1578–1630). Biblioteca Marucelliana, Florence, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Bottom: Gal. 48, fol. 28r, Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale. Reproduced by kind permission of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Italy/Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze. This image cannot be reproduced in any form without the authorization of the Library, the owners of the copyright.

Page 13 Top: Pythagoras (c.580–500 BC) discovering the consonances of the octave, from “Theorica Musicae” by Franchino Gaffurio, first published in 1480, from 'Revue de l'Histoire du Theatre,' 1959 (engraving) (b/w photo) by French School (20th century). Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Bottom: Pythagoras (c.580–500 BC), Greek philosopher and mathematician, Roman copy of Greek original (marble) by Pinacoteca Capitolina, Palazzo Conservatori, Rome, Italy/Index/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Page 14 Top: Public domain.

Bottom: Telescope belonging to Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), 1671 by English School.

Royal Society, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Page 15 Top: Portrait of Edmond Halley, c.1687 (oil on canvas) by Thomas Murray (1663–1734).

Royal Society, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Bottom: Wellcome Library, London.

Page 16 © Werner Forman/CORBIS.

Index

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ABC of Relativity
(Russell), 297

abstraction, 192, 195–99,
196
, 219, 222, 230, 246, 305, 342n 195, 342n 198

acceleration, 93, 96, 209, 254–56

Aczel, Amir, 138n

Adler, Alfred W., 267

Agassiz, Louis, 128

Albert of Saxony, 202–3

alchemy, 6, 54–56

chemistry and, 55–56

Newton and, 48, 55–56, 72, 278

“philosopher's stone,” 55, 252

Alfonso the Wise, 62

America's founding fathers, 315–16

Anne, Queen of England, 262

Archimedes, 42, 187, 190, 252, 283n, 284

Aristotle, 45, 62, 92, 94, 96, 174, 189, 190

Earth as immobile, 98–99, 172, 174

Galileo refutes, 93, 172, 187, 188

worldview, 197–98

astrology, xv, 17, 64, 145, 146, 147, 156, 165, 227, 228

astronomy, xv, 89, 111, 112.
See also
moon; planets; stars; sun; universe

birth of modern, 156, 339n 145

Copernicus and, xiii, 97–102, 112

Galileo and, xiii, 102, 105–6, 112–13

gravitational theory and, 315

Kepler and, xiii, 145–61

Tycho Brahe and, 106–7, 106n, 159–61, 159n

Aubrey, John, 65n, 78n

Augustine, St., 63–64, 130, 130n

 

Bacon, Francis, 65, 65n, 144

Baker, Henry, 336n 120

Barrow, Isaac, 343n 226

Barzun, Jacques, 38

Beethoven, Ludwig von, 231

Bellarmine, Cardinal, 113

Biagioli, Mario, 334n 98

Bible

Boyle's study of, 18

as code or cipher, 18, 35

creation, date of, 128

date of doomsday, 13–14, 14n, 18

earth-centered universe of, 97

fear of critical investigation and, 89

mysteries as divine, 63

Newton's study of, 18, 35, 48, 231–32, 274, 311, 325n 18

binomial theorem, 228, 228n

Bohr, Niels, 229, 302, 349n 302

Bolyai, Johann, 39n

Boorstin, Daniel, 62, 260

Boyle, Robert, 4, 18, 30, 50, 51, 56, 68, 83, 242

applied technology and, 84

argument against secrecy, 67

dead men and hangings, 53, 54

experiment on pet dog, 80

experiments at the Royal Society, 59–60, 81

Boyle's law, 56

Bronowski, Jacob, 125

Brown, Gregory, 346n 262

Bruno, Giordano, 314

Bunyan, John, 343n 226

Butler, Samuel, 86–87

 

calculus, 221–22, 223, 241–52

acceleration and, 254–56

derivation of word, 223

forerunners of, 226

impact of discoveries, 258

integration, 229

Leibniz and, xiv, 43–44, 47, 241–52, 268

Leibniz's notations, 268–69, 268n

Newton and, xiv, 225–32, 241–52, 268, 269

Newton-Leibniz feud, xiv, 259–70

revelations of, 256–58

Cambridge, England

Newton in, xiv, 5, 28, 48, 241, 271, 272, 278–80, 290, 320

plague in 1665 and, 28, 226

Stourbridge Fair at, 226–27, 343n 226

Candide
(Voltaire), 235

Cardano, Girolamo, 66–67

Caroline, Princess of Wales, 262, 263–65

Cartesian coordinates, 194, 341n 193

Cassirer, Ernst, 236

cat piano,
79
, 79–80

Celestial Mechanics
(Laplace), 317

chain of being, 121–23

Chandrasekhan, Subrahmanyan, 132–33, 230–31, 285, 318–19, 331n 73

Charles I, xiv, 15

Charles II, 8, 15, 17, 30, 32, 58

charters the Royal Society, 83

grisly interest in anatomy, 78–79

microscope and, 116

science and, 83–84

circle, 40,
40
, 43, 101, 136, 163, 164n, 166, 191, 192

planetary orbits and, 100–101, 147,
147
, 148, 149–50,
150
, 163–64,
164
, 172, 275

Clarke, Samuel, 264–65, 311–12

clockwork universe, xvii, 18, 182–83, 274, 310, 311–13, 316

Coga, Arthur, 60–61

Cohen, I. Bernard, 74, 299

comets, 16–17, 40, 43, 75, 101, 294, 295, 302

Conduitt, John, 272

consciousness, 302

Copernicus, Nicolaus, xiii, 97–99, 101–2, 112, 113, 146, 150, 156, 160, 170, 171, 172

Cromwell, Oliver, 3, 38, 70n

Croone, William, 81–82

Crosby, Alfred, 192n

 

d'Alembert, Jean, 224

Dantzig, Tobias, 202

Darwin, Charles, 112, 127, 128, 256, 266, 302n

Daston, Lorraine, 63

Day of Doom
, 11

day of judgment (apocalypse), 13–19

Revelation 11:3, 14n

timing of, 14–15, 14n, 19

Defense, The
(Nabokov), 132

Descartes, René, xiii, xviii, 5, 42, 54, 79, 97, 190, 194–95, 200, 286

Cartesian coordinates, 194, 341n 193

coordinate geometry, xiii, 190–93, 226, 227, 228, 240

graphs, 191–92, 194, 200, 212–13,
213
, 341n 193

negative/imaginary numbers and, 196

vacuums, 198n, 286

Dialogues
(Plato), 200

Diderot, Denis, 45

Digby, Sir Kenelm, 50, 50n, 52

Dirac, Paul, 229–30, 295, 348n 295

Discourse on Method
(Descartes), 194–95

disease, xv, xvi, 7–8, 9, 80n.
See also
plague

four “humors” and, 80–81

Donne, John, 11, 26, 71, 102

 

Earth.
See also
planets; universe

Aristotle's immobile, 98–99, 172, 174

earth-centered universe, 91, 112, 113, 160, 176, 335n 112

four elements theory, 92

gravity and, 305

Greek understanding of, 92

hell, location within, 113

mathematical laws for, 93–94

right triangle of Earth, sun, moon, 138n

speed of, 175

as spinning and moving, 97–99, 101, 111, 112, 170, 172

Eddington, Arthur, 298

education, 42, 62, 69–70, 69n

Edward III, 27

Edwards, Jonathan, 11

Einstein, Albert, 39n, 88, 125, 132, 133, 169, 283, 304, 306, 338n 143

special relativity, 171–72, 229, 298

Elements of Newton's Philosophy
(Voltaire), 297

Elizabeth I, 37n, 78

ellipses, 40,
40
, 163–65,
164
, 164n, 166, 179, 275, 278

inverse-square laws and, 281–82, 282n

England in the seventeenth century

beheading of Charles I, xiv, 15

bulldog, 80

Civil War, xiii, xvi, 44

comets in 1664–1665, 16

crime and punishment, 53–54, 76–78,
78
, 78n, 331n 78

Hanoverian claim to the throne, 261

as incurring God's anger, 17

Newton-Leibniz feud, 259–70

plague (bubonic plague), xvi

practicality celebrated, 88

Puritan rule, 15

Restoration (of monarchy), 15

scientific rise in, 98

Euclid, 40, 135, 190, 227, 240, 298

five “Platonic solids” and, 152–53,
153
, 339n 153

Euclid's geometry,
40
, 40

Evelyn, John, 32–33, 60

evolution, 127, 128, 266, 309

experimentation

on animals, 59, 79–82

blood transfusions, 60–61,
61
, 81–82

on dogs, 80–82, 86

experimentation
(cont.)

Hooke in charge at Royal Society, 59

new focus on, 61–65

on poison, 81

as stunts, 81–82

vacuum chamber, 4, 59–60, 65, 198n

Eyam, England, 27–28

eyeglasses, 107–8

 

falling objects, 178n

acceleration, 93, 96, 209, 254–56

all objects fall at the same rate, 187–89

Galileo's experiments, 172–79,
178
, 183–86,
184
, 187–89, 200

Galileo's law of motion, 174–75, 178, 186n, 244–46,
245
, 253–55, 276

mathematical laws for, 124, 186n

Newton's laws of motion and, 180–81,
180,
181
, 341n 181

parabolic paths,
178
, 179,
245
, 246, 256–57

televising Olympic divers, 188–89

vacuum chamber and, 188

Farriner, Thomas, 30

Federalist
papers, 316

Fermat, Pierre de, 42, 138n, 226

Fermat's Last Theorem
(Aczel), 138n

Feynman, Richard, 94n, 96, 330n 68, 334n 96

fire

as common cause of death, 8, 9

day of judgment and, 19

as divine punishment, 9

fighting methods, 31–32

Great Fire of London, xiv, 29–33

Flamsteed, John, 75

Fontenelle, Bernard de, vii, 111, 111n

force, 91, 95, 156, 174, 180,
180
.
See also
gravity

Franklin, Benjamin, 239, 316

Frederick the Great, 45

Freud, Sigmund, 112

 

Gadbury, John, 17

Galen, 80

Galileo, xiii, xviii, 5, 93, 96, 97, 145, 159n, 169–79, 304–5

abstraction and, 198–99, 305, 342n 198

birth, xiii, 169

character and personality, 169–70

clockwork universe and, 182–83

death, xiii, 98

experiments with falling objects, 172–79,
178
, 183–86,
184
, 187–89, 200

God as mathematician and, 124, 125

infinity and matching technique, 203–5,
204
,
207
, 207

Kepler and, 170

law of falling objects, 40–41, 172–79, 185–86, 186n, 189, 190, 253–55, 276

law of pendulums, 183

Leaning Tower of Pisa and, 184, 187, 188, 244

mathematics and, 41, 95, 124, 132, 182

microscope and, 117–18

movement of the Earth and, 170, 172

music and, 183

new star and, 107

objective reality and, 94

planetary orbits and, 164

refutes Aristotle, 93, 94, 172, 188

telescope and discoveries, 99, 102, 105–13,
110

telescope and military uses, 108–9, 335n 109

theory of relativity, 171–72

trial of, xiii, 98, 205

worldview, 197–99

Galle, Joseph, 315

Gardner, Martin, 143

Gauss, Carl, 143n

Geometry
(Descartes), 228

George I, 261, 262–63

George II, 264

Gilbert and Sullivan, 228n

Gillispie, Charles C., 94–95, 183, 297

Gingerich, Owen, 156

Glanvill, Joseph, 84, 85n, 111

God, 327n 35

chain of being and, 121–23

clockwork universe and, 182–83

cosmic harmonies and, 158n

as creator/controller/designer, 37–38, 37n, 39, 41, 111, 117, 119, 121–25, 126, 127, 128, 154, 235–36, 277, 294, 303, 310–13

as creator of perfection, xvii, 35, 41, 101, 117, 121, 124–25, 130, 132, 144, 234, 274, 312, 327n 35, 344n 234

divine messages, 9–10, 29, 30, 33

divine punishment, xv, 9, 27, 33, 76, 327n 35

evolutionary theory and, 309

existence of, 38, 127

gravity and, 310–13, 315, 316, 317

laws of nature and, xvii, 37, 124–26, 132

Leibniz on, 123–24

as mathematician, 39, 41, 121–25, 127, 132, 157, 294

miracles and, 311

Newton on, 273–74, 308, 310–13

new views of the universe and, 99

seeking through science, 132, 134, 144, 307–13, 320

seventeenth century theology and, 10–12

world as God's riddle, 143–44, 146, 169, 234, 320

Graham, Ronald, 229

graphs, 194

cannonball's flight, 213–14,
214

Cartesian coordinates, 194, 341n 193

Descartes and, 191–92, 194, 200, 212–13,
213

Galileo's rule (
d = 16 t
²
)
,
245

slope and, 212–13,
213

gravity

baffling nature of, 301–6, 302n

confirmation by Le Verrier, 315

God and, 310–13, 315, 316, 317

inverse-square laws and, 274–75, 279

moon and, xiv, 273–77,
276
, 305

Newton's theory, xiv, xvii, 35, 36, 48, 127, 229, 271–77,
276
, 283–85, 294, 301–6, 315

as weak force, 304

Greece, ancient

infinite as taboo, 201–2, 253

manual labor and utility, 40, 327n 40

mathematics in, 39–40, 42, 129, 135–39, 142, 143

music in, 129, 129n

order in the heavens and, 90–91, 91n

Greece, ancient
(cont.)

physics of, 91

planetary orbits and position of stars, 102

secrecy about mathematics, 67n

square root of 2 and, 67n

“wisdom of the ancients” and, 36

Gulliver's Travels
(Swift), 87–88

 

Hall, A. Rupert, 199, 297, 342n 198

Halley, Edmond, 278, 279

calculus and, 257

diving bell and other accomplishments, 280

Newton and, xiv, 279–80, 288–90, 291, 293, 296

Hamlet
(Shakespeare), xiii

Hardy, G. H., 135

Harmony of the World, The
(Kepler), 134

Harriot, Thomas, 239n, 345n 239fn

Harvard University, 54

Harvey, William, 54

Hawking, Stephen, 115

Heisenberg, Werner, 129–30, 132, 229

Henry, John, 303

Hippasus, 67n

Hobbes, Thomas, 72, 327n 37