The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (502 page)

see
KHUDDAKA NIK
YA
.

 
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(
c.
1480–1541).
Radical German
Reformer
, Andrew Bodenstein, who took his name from his birthplace in Bavaria. He became teacher at Wittenberg, was several times Dean, and came to support
Luther's
teaching. Luther's initial conservatism and Carlstadt's radical views were soon in conflict, especially during Luther's refuge in the Wartburg, when Carlstadt married, abandoned
vestments
, celebrated
Communion
in both kinds, disparaged infant
baptism
, destroyed pictures and statues, and removed music from the
liturgy
. He was compelled to leave Wittenberg (1528–9) for Switzerland where he finally taught in Basle.

 
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Carmelites
.

Christian (Roman Catholic) religious order, deriving from hermits on Mount Carmel in Palestine,
c.
1200. Migrating to Europe as the failure of the Crusades began to lead to a break-up of the Latin Kingdom (
c.
1240), they were organized along lines of solitude, abstinence, and prayer. They were joined by nuns in 1452 as the Carmelite Second Order. Increasing laxity prompted the radical reforms of
Teresa
of Avila, earning the name Discalced (i.e. not wearing sandals).
John
of the Cross extended the reform to male houses of the order. Not having a founding figure (as e.g.
Dominic
,
Francis
, or
Benedict
), they take Elijah and Mary as their founders.

 
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Carnatic music
:

see
MUSIC
.

 
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(1488–1575).
Rabbinic
authority and author of the
Shul
n Arukh
. Having lived much of his life in Turkey, in 1534 he settled in Safed where he was regarded as the leading scholar. His
Beit Yosef
(House of Joseph, 1555), on which he worked for twenty years, was a commentary on the
Arba‘ah Turim
(Four Rows) of
Jacob b. Asher
; he investigated every law, discussed its development, and gave a final decisive ruling. His aim was to lay down the definitive
halakhah
so that there would be ‘one Law and one
Torah
’.
Shul
n Arukh
(Prepared Table, 1597) was a digest of the
Beit Yosef
designed for ‘young students’. Caro also produced many
responsa
and a commentary on
Maimonides'
Mishneh Torah
(Second Law), the Kesef Mishneh (Silver Repetition) (1574).