The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (521 page)
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Authors: John Bowker
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Chardin
(French Jesuit theologian)
:
(French Jesuit theologian)
:
Chariot
(of God, in Ezekiel's vision)
:
(of God, in Ezekiel's vision)
:
Charismatic (movement)
.
.
Christian belief that the
Holy Spirit
imparts particular gifts and inspiration, which have visible and internally recognizable consequences. This movement of the Holy Spirit in the historic denominations was characterized by experience of ‘
baptism
in the Holy Spirit’ or ‘second baptism’ and by a new informality in
liturgical
worship, anticipation of the Second Coming of Christ, and renewed emphasis on the present reality of the gifts of the Spirit, especially
healing
,
prophecy
, and speaking in tongues (
glossolalia
).
Holy Spirit
imparts particular gifts and inspiration, which have visible and internally recognizable consequences. This movement of the Holy Spirit in the historic denominations was characterized by experience of ‘
baptism
in the Holy Spirit’ or ‘second baptism’ and by a new informality in
liturgical
worship, anticipation of the Second Coming of Christ, and renewed emphasis on the present reality of the gifts of the Spirit, especially
healing
,
prophecy
, and speaking in tongues (
glossolalia
).
Charismatic authority
.
.
Type of leadership, not confined to religions, exercised by gifted individuals. It was defined by
Weber
as ‘a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is considered as extraordinary and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least exceptional powers or qualities’.
Weber
as ‘a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is considered as extraordinary and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least exceptional powers or qualities’.
Charity
(Lat.,
caritas
; Gk.,
charis
). An openness and generosity to others, especially in the support of those in need. (see also
ALMSGIVING
). In Judaism, the nearest Heb. word to express this concept is
edekah
, linked to
edek
, justice. In contrast to the wider
gemilut
asadim
(‘acts of loving-kindness’),
edekah
involves the obligation to give to the poor.
In Christianity, charity came in English to be associated with the deeply characteristic virtue of
agape
, through the Authorized Version translation of 1 Corinthians 13: ‘Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal …. And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.’
In Islam, charity is formalized through
zak
t
, but generosity (
sadaq
t
) to those in need is meritorious, as are other gifts to support religious purposes (see
WAQF
).
In Hinduism, the nearest equivalents to charity lie in the obligations of
dharma
: acts of charity will lead to good
karma
. In Buddhism, the alleviation of
dukkha
(suffering) is equally indispensable for progress toward the ultimate goal. In
d
na
, a mutual structure of support is established between laypeople and the
sa
gha
(community of monks).
caritas
; Gk.,
charis
). An openness and generosity to others, especially in the support of those in need. (see also
ALMSGIVING
). In Judaism, the nearest Heb. word to express this concept is
edekah, linked to
edek, justice. In contrast to the wider
gemilut
asadim(‘acts of loving-kindness’),
edekahinvolves the obligation to give to the poor.
In Christianity, charity came in English to be associated with the deeply characteristic virtue of
agape
, through the Authorized Version translation of 1 Corinthians 13: ‘Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal …. And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.’
In Islam, charity is formalized through
zak
t, but generosity (
sadaq
t) to those in need is meritorious, as are other gifts to support religious purposes (see
WAQF
).
In Hinduism, the nearest equivalents to charity lie in the obligations of
dharma
: acts of charity will lead to good
karma
. In Buddhism, the alleviation of
dukkha
(suffering) is equally indispensable for progress toward the ultimate goal. In
d
na, a mutual structure of support is established between laypeople and the
sa
gha(community of monks).
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