The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (517 page)

Ch’ang-an
.

Chinese capital of the Former Han (202 BCE to 9 CE) and Sui-t’ang (590–906 CE) dynasties. The present city on the site is
Sian
(Xian).

 
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(d. 184 CE).
Founder of the Taoist school of
T’ai-p’ing tao
(the way of supreme peace). He attracted a huge following, and led the Yellow Turban rebellion, so-called from the yellow cloth (
huang-chin
) worn by his followers. The rebellion was suppressed and Chang Chüeh was killed.

 
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(Chin., ‘Chang the Immortal’). The immortal (
hsien
) figure who protects children and bestows male offspring.

 
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Chang Hsiu
.

Founder of a Taoist movement much like the
wu-tou-mi tao
of
Chang Lu
—who murdered him in 190 CE. The emphasis was on healing accompanied by sacrifices to the Three Rulers (
san-kuan
): Earth, Water, and Heaven.

 
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Chang Kuo-lao
(one of eight Immortals)
:

see
PA-HSIEN
.

 
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Chang Ling
(founder of Taoist school of wu-tou-mi)
:

see
CHANG TAO-LING
.

 
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Chang Lu
.

One of the secondary founder members, in the 2nd/3rd cent. CE, of the Taoist movement,
wu-tou-mi tao
. With the help of
Chang Hsiu
(whom he then removed), he established a strictly governed religious state in N. Szechwan. He took further the organization of the ‘Celestial Master's Way’, introducing the
tao-shih
(often translated as ‘the Taoist priest’), with a local temple and a hierarchy leading up to the T’ien-shih. The ‘five pecks of rice’ was also extended into a more extensive system of fees, enabling the pervasive presence of the tao-shih in Chinese society—and the survival of religious Taoism in this form down to the present, at least in Taiwan.