The Crimean War (80 page)
Authors: Orlando Figes
Tags: #History, #Military, #General, #Europe, #Other, #Russia & the Former Soviet Union, #Crimean War; 1853-1856
CHAPTER 8.SEVASTOPOL IN THE AUTUMN
1
L. Tolstoy,
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 39, 42–3. Reproduced by permission.
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 39, 42–3. Reproduced by permission.
2
M. Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), p. 9; N. Berg,
Desiat’ dnei v Sevastopole
(Moscow, 1855), p. 15.
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), p. 9; N. Berg,
Desiat’ dnei v Sevastopole
(Moscow, 1855), p. 15.
3
Tolstoy,
Sebastopol Sketches
, p. 43; E. Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh
(St Petersburg, 1858), p. 29.
Sebastopol Sketches
, p. 43; E. Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh
(St Petersburg, 1858), p. 29.
4
M. Bot’anov,
Vospominaniia sevastopoltsa i kavkatsa 45 let spustia
(Vitebsk, 1899), p. 6.
Vospominaniia sevastopoltsa i kavkatsa 45 let spustia
(Vitebsk, 1899), p. 6.
5
E. Totleben,
Opisanie oborony g. Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1863–78), vol. 1, p. 218;
Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1857), p. 7;
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii: Pis’ma iz kryma i Sevastopolia
(Moscow, 1855), p.19; WO 28/188, Burgoyne to Airey, 4 Oct. 1854; FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 8 Oct. 1854.
Opisanie oborony g. Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1863–78), vol. 1, p. 218;
Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1857), p. 7;
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii: Pis’ma iz kryma i Sevastopolia
(Moscow, 1855), p.19; WO 28/188, Burgoyne to Airey, 4 Oct. 1854; FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 8 Oct. 1854.
6
Tolstoy’s Letters
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 44. The scene was reproduced in
Sebastopol Sketches
(p. 57).
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 44. The scene was reproduced in
Sebastopol Sketches
(p. 57).
7
S. Gershel’man,
Nravstvennyi element pod Sevastopolem
(St Petersburg, 1897), p. 84; R. Egerton,
Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War
(London, 2000), p. 91.
Nravstvennyi element pod Sevastopolem
(St Petersburg, 1897), p. 84; R. Egerton,
Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War
(London, 2000), p. 91.
8
E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 38; Gershel’man,
Nravstvennyi element
, pp. 70–71; Totleben,
Opisanie
, vol. 1, pp. 198 ff.; J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 133.
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 38; Gershel’man,
Nravstvennyi element
, pp. 70–71; Totleben,
Opisanie
, vol. 1, pp. 198 ff.; J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 133.
9
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5613, 1. 12; N. Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 2, p. 31.
Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 2, p. 31.
10
NAM 1968–07–292 (Cathcart to Raglan, 27 Sept. 1854); NAM 1983–11–13–310 (12 Oct. 1854).
11
E. Perret,
Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), pp. 142–4; Baron de Bazancourt,
The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol
, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 343–8.
Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), pp. 142–4; Baron de Bazancourt,
The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol
, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 343–8.
12
NAM 1982–12–29–13 (Letter, 12 Oct. 1854).
13
H. Clifford,
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 69; E. Wood,
The Crimea in 1854 and 1894
(London, 1895), pp. 88–9.
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 69; E. Wood,
The Crimea in 1854 and 1894
(London, 1895), pp. 88–9.
14
S. Calthorpe,
Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff
(London, 1858), p. 111.
Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff
(London, 1858), p. 111.
15
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii
, p. 16.
, p. 16.
16
V. Bariatinskii,
Vospominaniia 1852–55 gg
. (Moscow, 1904), pp. 39–42; A. Seaton,
The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle
(London, 1977), pp. 126–9.
Vospominaniia 1852–55 gg
. (Moscow, 1904), pp. 39–42; A. Seaton,
The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle
(London, 1977), pp. 126–9.
17
NAM 1969–01–46 (Private journal, 17 Oct. 1854);
Den’ i noch’ v Sevastopole: Stseny iz boevoi zhizni (iz zapisok artillerista)
(St Petersburg, 1903), pp. 7, 11.
Den’ i noch’ v Sevastopole: Stseny iz boevoi zhizni (iz zapisok artillerista)
(St Petersburg, 1903), pp. 7, 11.
18
A. Khrushchev,
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), p. 30; WO 28/188, Lushington to Airey, 18 Oct. 1854.
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), p. 30; WO 28/188, Lushington to Airey, 18 Oct. 1854.
19
Mrs Duberly’s War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea
, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), p. 87.
, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), p. 87.
20
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii
, p. 16.
, p. 16.
21
WO 28/188, Burgoyne to Raglan, 6 Oct. 1854; J. Spilsbury,
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 138.
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 138.
22
Calthorpe,
Letters
, p. 125; NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), p. 125; H. Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War
(London, 2007), pp. 82–3.
Letters
, p. 125; NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), p. 125; H. Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War
(London, 2007), pp. 82–3.
23
D. Austin, ‘Blunt Speaking: The Crimean War Reminiscences of John Elijah Blunt, Civilian Interpreter’,
Crimean War Research Society: Special Publication
, 33 (n.d.), pp. 24, 32, 55.
Crimean War Research Society: Special Publication
, 33 (n.d.), pp. 24, 32, 55.
24
Mrs Duberly’s War
, p. 93; NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), pp. 119–20; W. Munro,
Records of Service and Campaigning in Many Lands
, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 2, p. 88.
, p. 93; NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), pp. 119–20; W. Munro,
Records of Service and Campaigning in Many Lands
, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 2, p. 88.
25
H. Franks,
Leaves from a Soldier’s Notebook
(London, 1904), p. 80; NAM 1958–04–32 (Forrest letter, 27 Oct. 1854).
Leaves from a Soldier’s Notebook
(London, 1904), p. 80; NAM 1958–04–32 (Forrest letter, 27 Oct. 1854).
26
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 155–6; H. Small,
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 71–2.
Thin Red Line
, pp. 155–6; H. Small,
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 71–2.
27
Small,
The Crimean War
, pp. 73–82.
The Crimean War
, pp. 73–82.
28
R. Portal,
Letters from the Crimea, 1854–55
(Winchester, 1900), p. 112. For a version of events that has Nolan trying to redirect the charge, see D. Austin, ‘Nolan Did Try to Redirect the Light Brigade’,
War Correspondent
, 23/4 (2006), pp. 20–21.
Letters from the Crimea, 1854–55
(Winchester, 1900), p. 112. For a version of events that has Nolan trying to redirect the charge, see D. Austin, ‘Nolan Did Try to Redirect the Light Brigade’,
War Correspondent
, 23/4 (2006), pp. 20–21.
29
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 161–2.
Thin Red Line
, pp. 161–2.
30
S. Kozhukov, ‘Iz krymskikh vospominanii o poslednei voine’,
Russkii arkhiv
, 2 (1869), pp. 023–025.
Russkii arkhiv
, 2 (1869), pp. 023–025.
31
G. Paget,
The Light Cavalry Brigade in the Crimea
(London, 1881), p. 73.
The Light Cavalry Brigade in the Crimea
(London, 1881), p. 73.
32
Mrs Duberly’s War
, p. 95.
, p. 95.
33
Small,
The Crimean War
, pp. 64, 86–8; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5585, l. 31; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 144–7.
The Crimean War
, pp. 64, 86–8; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5585, l. 31; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 144–7.
34
N. Woods,
The Past Campaign: A Sketch of the War in the East
, 2 vols. (London, 1855), vol. 2, pp. 12–14; Austin, ‘Blunt Speaking’, pp. 54–6.
The Past Campaign: A Sketch of the War in the East
, 2 vols. (London, 1855), vol. 2, pp. 12–14; Austin, ‘Blunt Speaking’, pp. 54–6.
35
N. Dubrovin,
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), p. 91; A. Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 161.
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), p. 91; A. Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 161.
36
A. Kinglake,
The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 5, pp. 1–24.
The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 5, pp. 1–24.
37
NAM 1963–11–151 (Letter, 27 Oct. 1854); NAM 1986–03–103 (Letter, 31 Oct. 1854).
38
Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 140.
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 140.
39
B. Gooch,
The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War
(The Hague, 1959), p. 145.
The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War
(The Hague, 1959), p. 145.
40
NAM 1994–02–172 (Letter, 22 Feb. 1855).
41
Khrushchev,
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
, pp. 38–42; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, pp. 161–4.
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
, pp. 38–42; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, pp. 161–4.
42
A.
Andriianov,
Inkermanskii boi i oborona Sevastopolia (nabroski uchastnika)
(St Petersburg, 1903), p. 16.
Andriianov,
Inkermanskii boi i oborona Sevastopolia (nabroski uchastnika)
(St Petersburg, 1903), p. 16.
43
Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 194–5; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 196–8.
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 194–5; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 196–8.
44
NAM 1968–07–264–1 (‘The 95th Regiment at Inkerman’).
45
Ibid.
46
Andriianov,
Inkermanskii boi
, p. 20.
Inkermanskii boi
, p. 20.
47
P. Alabin,
Chetyre voiny: Pokhodnye zapiski v voinu 1853, 1854, 1855 i 1856 godov
, 2 vols. (Viatka, 1861), vol. 2, pp. 74–5; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 203–5.
Chetyre voiny: Pokhodnye zapiski v voinu 1853, 1854, 1855 i 1856 godov
, 2 vols. (Viatka, 1861), vol. 2, pp. 74–5; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 203–5.
48
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 211–12.
Thin Red Line
, pp. 211–12.
49
G. Higginson,
Seventy-One Years of a Guardsman’s Life
(London, 1916), pp. 197–8; Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 5, pp. 221–57.
Seventy-One Years of a Guardsman’s Life
(London, 1916), pp. 197–8; Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 5, pp. 221–57.
50
R. Hodasevich,
A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege
(London, 1856), pp. 190–8; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, p. 169.
A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege
(London, 1856), pp. 190–8; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, p. 169.
51
L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 278.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 278.
52
J. Cler,
Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves
(New York, 1860), p. 211;
Historique de 2e Régiment de Zouaves 1830–1887
(Oran, 1887), pp. 66–7.
Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves
(New York, 1860), p. 211;
Historique de 2e Régiment de Zouaves 1830–1887
(Oran, 1887), pp. 66–7.
53
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, p. 214.
Thin Red Line
, p. 214.
54
Higginson,
Seventy-One Years
, p. 200; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, p. 232.
Seventy-One Years
, p. 200; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, p. 232.
55
Seaton,
The Crimean War
, pp. 175–6.
The Crimean War
, pp. 175–6.
56
M. O. Cullet,
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’infanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), p. 112.
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’infanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), p. 112.
57
Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 281–3.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 281–3.
58
Woods,
The Past Campaign
, vol. 2, pp. 143–4; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 278; Cler,
Reminiscences
, p. 216; A. de Damas,
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), p. 70.
The Past Campaign
, vol. 2, pp. 143–4; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 278; Cler,
Reminiscences
, p. 216; A. de Damas,
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), p. 70.
59
RA VIC/MAIN/F/1/38.
60
Cler,
Reminiscences
, pp. 219–20.
Reminiscences
, pp. 219–20.
61
RA VIC/MAIN/F/1/36 (Colonel E. Birch Reynardson to Colonel Phipps, Sebastopol, 7 Nov.); H. Drummond,
Letters from the Crimea
(London, 1855), p. 75;
A Knouting for the Czar! Being Some Words on the Battles of Inkerman, Balaklava and Alma by a Soldier
(London, 1855), pp. 5–9.
Letters from the Crimea
(London, 1855), p. 75;
A Knouting for the Czar! Being Some Words on the Battles of Inkerman, Balaklava and Alma by a Soldier
(London, 1855), pp. 5–9.
62
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5634, ll. 1–18; Bazancourt,
The Crimean Expedition
, pp. 116–17; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 278–9; Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 5, pp. 324, 460–63.
The Crimean Expedition
, pp. 116–17; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 278–9; Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 5, pp. 324, 460–63.
63
FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 7 Nov. 1854.
64
Small,
The Crimean War
, p. 209.
The Crimean War
, p. 209.
65
NAM 1984–09–31–63 (Letter, 7 Nov. 1854);
Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia
, pp. 11, 15; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5629, 1. 7; d. 5687, 1. 1; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, p. 384.
Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia
, pp. 11, 15; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5629, 1. 7; d. 5687, 1. 1; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, p. 384.
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