The Crimean War (82 page)
Authors: Orlando Figes
Tags: #History, #Military, #General, #Europe, #Other, #Russia & the Former Soviet Union, #Crimean War; 1853-1856
CHAPTER 10. CANNON FODDER
1
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 2 Mar.
2
L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 312.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 312.
3
F. Charles-Roux,
Alexandre II, Gortchakoff et Napoléon III
(Paris, 1913), p. 14.
Alexandre II, Gortchakoff et Napoléon III
(Paris, 1913), p. 14.
4
The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878
, ed. G. Gooch, 2 vols. (London, 1925), vol. 2, pp. 160–61; Lady F. Balfour,
The Life of George, Fourth Earl of Aberdeen
, 2 vols. (London, 1922), vol. 2, p. 206.
, ed. G. Gooch, 2 vols. (London, 1925), vol. 2, pp. 160–61; Lady F. Balfour,
The Life of George, Fourth Earl of Aberdeen
, 2 vols. (London, 1922), vol. 2, p. 206.
5
H. Verney,
Our Quarrel with Russia
(London, 1855), pp. 22–4.
Our Quarrel with Russia
(London, 1855), pp. 22–4.
6
G. B. Henderson, ‘The Two Interpretations of the Four Points, December 1854’, in id.,
Crimean War Diplomacy and Other Historical Essays
(Glasgow, 1947), pp. 119–22;
The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861
, 3 vols. (London, 1907–8), vol. 3, pp. 65–6.
Crimean War Diplomacy and Other Historical Essays
(Glasgow, 1947), pp. 119–22;
The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861
, 3 vols. (London, 1907–8), vol. 3, pp. 65–6.
7
P. Schroeder,
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert
(Ithaca, NY, 1972), pp. 256–77.
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert
(Ithaca, NY, 1972), pp. 256–77.
8
P. Jaeger,
Le mura di Sebastopoli: Gli italiani in Crimea 1855–56
(Milan, 1991), p. 245; C. Thoumas,
Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1892), p. 191.
Le mura di Sebastopoli: Gli italiani in Crimea 1855–56
(Milan, 1991), p. 245; C. Thoumas,
Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1892), p. 191.
9
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5855, 11. 36–7.
10
H. Bell,
Lord Palmerston
, 2 vols. (London, 1936), vol. 2, p. 125; Hansard, HC Deb. 21 May 1912, vol. 38, p. 1734; C. Bayley,
Mercenaries for the Crimean: The German, Swiss, and Italian Legions in British Service 1854–6
(Montreal, 1977).
Lord Palmerston
, 2 vols. (London, 1936), vol. 2, p. 125; Hansard, HC Deb. 21 May 1912, vol. 38, p. 1734; C. Bayley,
Mercenaries for the Crimean: The German, Swiss, and Italian Legions in British Service 1854–6
(Montreal, 1977).
11
F. Kagan,
The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army
(London, 1999), p. 243.
The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army
(London, 1999), p. 243.
12
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 11. 1–4, 14, 18–19, 22–8.
13
C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 182–4.
14
FO 881/1443, Clarendon to Cowley, 9 Apr. 1855.
15
FO 881/1443, Clarendon to Cowley, 13 Apr. 1855; Stratford to Clarendon, 11 June 1855; Longworth to Clarendon, 10 June, 2 and 26 July 1855; FO 881/547, Brant memo on Georgia, 1 Feb. 1855; L. Oliphant,
The Transcaucasian Provinces the Proper Field of Operation for a Christian Army
(London, 1855).
The Transcaucasian Provinces the Proper Field of Operation for a Christian Army
(London, 1855).
16
RA VIC/MAIN/F/2/96.
17
T. Royle,
Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856
(London, 1999), pp. 377–8; B. Greenhill and A. Giffard,
The British Assault on Finland
(London, 1988), p. 321.
Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856
(London, 1999), pp. 377–8; B. Greenhill and A. Giffard,
The British Assault on Finland
(London, 1988), p. 321.
18
WO 28/188, Burgoyne to Raglan, Dec. 1854.
19
A. de Damas,
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), pp. 149–50; NAM 6807–295–1 (Sir Edward Lyons to Codrington, March 1855).
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), pp. 149–50; NAM 6807–295–1 (Sir Edward Lyons to Codrington, March 1855).
20
H. Small,
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 125–33.
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 125–33.
21
V. Rakov,
Moi vospominaniia o Evpatorii v epohu krymskoi voiny 1853–1856 gg.
(Evpatoriia, 1904), pp. 52–6; E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 217;
The Times
, 14 June 1856, p. 5.
Moi vospominaniia o Evpatorii v epohu krymskoi voiny 1853–1856 gg.
(Evpatoriia, 1904), pp. 52–6; E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 217;
The Times
, 14 June 1856, p. 5.
22
WO 6/74, Panmure to Raglan, 26 Mar. 1855; Royle,
Crimea
, p. 370.
Crimea
, p. 370.
23
FO 78/1129/62, Rose to Clarendon, 2 June 1855.
24
A. Kinglake
, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 8, pp. 48–55; E. Perret,
Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), pp. 287–9;
The Times
, 28 May 1855.
, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 8, pp. 48–55; E. Perret,
Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), pp. 287–9;
The Times
, 28 May 1855.
25
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5563, 1. 322; N. Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 3, p. 179.
Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 3, p. 179.
26
J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 337; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 314.
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 337; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 314.
27
A Visit to Sebastopol a Week after Its Fall: By an Officer of the Anglo-Turkish Contingent
(London, 1856), p. 34.
(London, 1856), p. 34.
28
M. Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), pp. 77–84; H. Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille
(Paris, 1895), pp. 106–7.
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), pp. 77–84; H. Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille
(Paris, 1895), pp. 106–7.
29
Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 199; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, l. 166; W. Porter,
Life in the Trenches before Sevastopol
(London, 1856), p. 111.
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 199; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, l. 166; W. Porter,
Life in the Trenches before Sevastopol
(London, 1856), p. 111.
30
E. Boniface, Count de Castellane,
Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862
(Paris, 1898), pp. 168–73.
Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862
(Paris, 1898), pp. 168–73.
31
Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 313; E. Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh
(St Petersburg, 1858), pp. 167–73; NAM 1965–01–183–10 (Steevens letter, 26 Mar. 1855).
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 313; E. Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh
(St Petersburg, 1858), pp. 167–73; NAM 1965–01–183–10 (Steevens letter, 26 Mar. 1855).
32
H. Clifford,
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 194; Porter,
Life in the Trenches
, pp. 64–5.
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 194; Porter,
Life in the Trenches
, pp. 64–5.
33
C. Mismer,
Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée
(Paris, 1887), p. 140; Porter,
Life in the Trenches
, pp. 68–9.
Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée
(Paris, 1887), p. 140; Porter,
Life in the Trenches
, pp. 68–9.
34
F. Luguez,
Crimée-Italie 1854–1859: Extraits de la correspondence d’un officier avec sa famille
(Nancy, 1895), pp. 61–2.
Crimée-Italie 1854–1859: Extraits de la correspondence d’un officier avec sa famille
(Nancy, 1895), pp. 61–2.
35
J. Cler,
Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves
(New York, 1860), pp. 233–4; S. Calthorpe,
Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff
(London, 1858), pp. 215–16.
Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves
(New York, 1860), pp. 233–4; S. Calthorpe,
Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff
(London, 1858), pp. 215–16.
36
Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, pp. 224–30.
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, pp. 224–30.
37
Damas,
Souvenirs
, p. 265.
Souvenirs
, p. 265.
38
Porter,
Life in the Trenches
, p. 127.
Life in the Trenches
, p. 127.
39
WO 28/126, Register of Courts Martial; Clifford,
Letters and Sketches
, p. 269. For some of the many voluminous reports on drunkenness in the Russian army, see RGVIA, f. 484, op. 1, dd. 398–403.
Letters and Sketches
, p. 269. For some of the many voluminous reports on drunkenness in the Russian army, see RGVIA, f. 484, op. 1, dd. 398–403.
40
Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 225;
The Times
, 17 Mar. 1855.
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 225;
The Times
, 17 Mar. 1855.
41
M. Seacole,
Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands
(London, 2005), p. 117.
Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands
(London, 2005), p. 117.
42
A. Soyer,
Soyer’s Culinary Campaign
(London, 1857), p. 405.
Soyer’s Culinary Campaign
(London, 1857), p. 405.
43
B. Cooke,
The Grand Crimean Central Railway
(Knutsford, 1990).
The Grand Crimean Central Railway
(Knutsford, 1990).
44
Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 223.
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 223.
45
RGVIA, f. 481, op. 1, d. 18, 11. 1–8.
46
V. Kolchak,
Voina i plen 1853–1855 gg.: Iz vospominanii o davno perezhitom
(St Petersburg, 1904), pp. 41–2; Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom
, p. 113;
Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh
(St Petersburg, 1855), pp. 37–40; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, p. 91.
Voina i plen 1853–1855 gg.: Iz vospominanii o davno perezhitom
(St Petersburg, 1904), pp. 41–2; Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom
, p. 113;
Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh
(St Petersburg, 1855), pp. 37–40; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, p. 91.
47
Porter,
Life in the Trenches
, p. 144; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, pp. 97–107;
Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny
, pp. 49–55; N. Pirogov,
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma i vospominaniia
(Moscow, 1950), p. 62.
Life in the Trenches
, p. 144; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, pp. 97–107;
Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny
, pp. 49–55; N. Pirogov,
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma i vospominaniia
(Moscow, 1950), p. 62.
48
Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1857), pp. 14–18; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, p. 34.
(St Petersburg, 1857), pp. 14–18; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, p. 34.
49
H. Troyat,
Tolstoy
(London, 1970), pp. 170–71;
Tolstoy’s Diaries
, vol. 1:
1847–1894
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), p. 103; A. Maude,
The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years
(London, 1908), pp. 111–12.
Tolstoy
(London, 1970), pp. 170–71;
Tolstoy’s Diaries
, vol. 1:
1847–1894
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), p. 103; A. Maude,
The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years
(London, 1908), pp. 111–12.
50
Tolstoy’s Diaries
, vol. 1, p. 104; V. Nazar’ev, ‘Zhizn′ i liudi bylogo vremeni’,
Istoricheskii vestnik
, 11 (1890), p. 443; M. Vygon,
Krymskie stranitsy zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo
(Simferopol, 1978), p. 37.
, vol. 1, p. 104; V. Nazar’ev, ‘Zhizn′ i liudi bylogo vremeni’,
Istoricheskii vestnik
, 11 (1890), p. 443; M. Vygon,
Krymskie stranitsy zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo
(Simferopol, 1978), p. 37.
51
Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom
, p. 117; N. Dubrovin,
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), pp. 161–7; NAM 1968–07–484 (Gage letter, 13 Apr. 1855).
Sevastopol’skii razgrom
, p. 117; N. Dubrovin,
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), pp. 161–7; NAM 1968–07–484 (Gage letter, 13 Apr. 1855).
52
J. Jocelyn,
The History of the Royal Artillery (Crimean Period)
(London, 1911), p. 359; NAM 1965–01–183–10 (Letter, 23 Apr. 1855).
The History of the Royal Artillery (Crimean Period)
(London, 1911), p. 359; NAM 1965–01–183–10 (Letter, 23 Apr. 1855).
53
Mismer,
Souvenirs d’un dragon
, pp. 179–80;
Mrs Duberly’s War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea
, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), pp. 186–7.
Souvenirs d’un dragon
, pp. 179–80;
Mrs Duberly’s War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea
, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), pp. 186–7.
54
M. O. Cullet,
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’in fanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), pp. 165–6; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 260–65.
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’in fanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), pp. 165–6; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 260–65.
55
NAM 1974–05–16 (St George letter, 9 June 1855).
56
A. du Casse,
Précis historique des opérations militaires en orient de mars 1854 à septembre 1855
(Paris, 1856), p. 290; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 267–72.
Précis historique des opérations militaires en orient de mars 1854 à septembre 1855
(Paris, 1856), p. 290; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 267–72.
57
Cullet,
Un régiment
, p. 182; J. Spilsbury,
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), pp. 278–9.
Un régiment
, p. 182; J. Spilsbury,
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), pp. 278–9.
58
Cullet,
Un régiment
, pp. 278, 296–9.
Un régiment
, pp. 278, 296–9.
59
Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 285; NAM 1962–10–94–2 (Alexander letter, 22 June 1855).
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 285; NAM 1962–10–94–2 (Alexander letter, 22 June 1855).
60
V. Liaskoronskii,
Vospominaniia Prokofiia Antonovicha Podpalova
(Kiev, 1904), p. 17.
Vospominaniia Prokofiia Antonovicha Podpalova
(Kiev, 1904), p. 17.
61
Small,
The Crimean War
, p. 159.
The Crimean War
, p. 159.
62
Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 280–81; Liaskoronskii,
Vospominaniia
, p. 17.
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 280–81; Liaskoronskii,
Vospominaniia
, p. 17.
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