The Edge of the World: How the North Sea Made Us Who We Are (54 page)

20
G. Waitz (ed.),
Vitae Anskarii et
Rimberti
(Hannover, 1884), p. 72.

21
J. P. Pals, ‘Preliminary Notes
on Crop Plants and the Natural and Anthropogeneous Vegetation’, in Besteman et
al.,
Excavation at Wijnaldum
, pp. 145, 147, 149.

22
Ellmers, ‘Frisian Monopoly of
Coastal Transport’, p. 91.

23
John Boswell,
The Kindness of
Strangers
(London, 1989), pp. 211–12.

24
Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs
frisons
, vol. 2, pp. 37–9; the translation is mine, but see L. Whitbread,
‘The “Frisian Sailor” Passage in the Old English Gnomic
Verses’,
Review of English Studies
22, 87 (July
1946), pp. 215–19 for a more stylish English version and
a discussion of Frisian morals.

25
William Levison (ed.),
Vita
Willibrordi …
, in B. Krusch and W. Levison (eds.),
Scriptorum
Rerum Merovingicarum
VII (Hannover, 1920), pp. 123–5.

26
Georg Weitz (ed.),
Ex Miraculis S.
Wandregisili
, in
Scriptorum … Supplementa Tomorum I–XII
(Hannover, 1857), pp. 406–9.

27
Job 41:34, 33, 31, 14, 21, 32, quoting
the Authorized Version.

28
Stéphane Lebecq, ‘Scènes de
chasse aux mammifères marins (mers du Nord VI–XIIème siècles)’ (1997), in
Lebecq,
Hommes, mers et terres du Nord au début du Moyen Âge
, vol. 1:
Peuples, cultures, territoires
(Lille, 2011), pp. 244ff.

29
Joe Flatman,
Ships and Shipping in
Medieval Manuscripts
(London, 2009), pp. 50ff.

30
Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs
frisons
, vol. 2, pp. 185–8.

31
Levison,
Vitae Sancti
Bonifatii
, p. 20. I’ve read ‘trepidantibus’ for
‘trepudantibus’ as Levison’s note allows because I can’t
quite imagine sailors rowing and dancing all at once as some translators (e.g.
George Washington Robinson, 1916) can.

32
Ibid., p. 52.

33
See Keith Wade, ‘Ipswich’,
in David Hill and Robert Cowie (eds.),
Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres
of Northern Europe
(Sheffield, 2001), appendix 1, pp. 86–7.

34
M. O. H. Carver, ‘Pre-Viking
Traffic in the North Sea’, in McGrail,
Maritime Celts
, pp. 119,
121.

35
See Heidinga, ‘Wijnaldum
Excavation’, in Besteman et al.,
Excavation at Wijnaldum
, pp. 9,
10.

36
Egge Knol, ‘Frisia in
Carolingian Times’, in Iben Skibsted Klæsøe (ed.),
Viking Trade and
Settlement in Continental Western Europe
(Copenhagen, 2010), p. 47.

37
Peter Spufford,
Money and Its Use
in Medieval Europe
(Cambridge, 1988), pp. 9, 41.

38
Ibid., pp. 9, 15.

39
See Florin Curta, ‘Merovingian
and Carolingian Gift Giving’,
Speculum
81, 3 (2006), p. 683.

40
Spufford,
Money and Its Use
,
p. 25.

41
Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs
frisons
, vol. 1, pp. 54–6.

42
Spufford,
Money and Its Use
,
p. 28.

43
Pieterjan Deckers, personal
communication.

44
Hans F. Haefele (ed.), ‘Notker
the Stammerer’, in
Gesta Karoli Magni Imperatoris
, vol. II (Berlin,
1959), ch. 9, p. 63.

45
Curta, ‘Merovingian and
Carolingian Gift Giving’, p. 688.

46
Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs
frisons
, vol. 1, p. 264.

47
Ibid., p. 76.

48
Peter Sawyer,
The Wealth of
Anglo-Saxon England
(Oxford, 2013), pp. 98–9.

49
Spufford,
Money and Its Use
,
p. 35.

50
Dirk Jan Henstra:
The Evolution of
the Money Standard in Medieval Frisia
(Groningen, 2000), p. 263.

51
Ernst Dümmler,
Epistolae Karolini
aevi
, vol. II (Berlin, 1895), letters 18ff., p. 145.

52
W. J. H. Verwers, ‘Dorestad: A
Carolingian Town?’, in Richard Hodges and Brian Hobley (eds.),
The Rebirth
of Towns in the West
AD
700–1050
(London, 1988), pp.
52ff.

53
Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs
frisons
, vol. 1, pp. 149ff.

54
Lebecq, ibid., vol. 2, p. 21, for
text of poem.

55
Verwers, ‘Dorestad’, in
Hodges and Hobley,
Rebirth of Towns
, pp. 54–5.

56
Charles H. Robinson (tr.),
Vita
Anskarii
(London, 1921), p. 104.

57
Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs
frisons
, vol. 1, p. 259.

58
Ibid., p. 30.

59
Ibid., p. 28.

60
Based on Dagfinn Skre, ‘Town
and Inhabitants’, in Skre (ed.),
Things from the Town: Artefacts and
Inhabitants in Viking-Age Kaupang
(Norske Oldfunn XXIV; Aarhus/Oslo, 2011),
esp. pp. 411ff. for the plan of the house and 431ff. for the use and inhabitants of
the house.

61
Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs
frisons
, vol. 1, p. 30, for Schleswig; p. 28 for Worms; p. 90 for
Yorkshire; pp. 112–13 for Radbod.

62
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 258, quoting the
Chronicles of Pseudo-Fredegaire.

63
‘Normani in Walcras
interfecerunt Francos’, in
Annales S. Martini Tornacensis
for 839,
quoted in Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs frisons
, vol. 2, p. 341.

64
‘Interfecta est de paganis non
minima multitudo’, in
Annales Xantenses
for 835, quoted in Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs frisons
, vol. 2, p. 335.

65
Lebecq,
Marchands et navigateurs
frisons
, vol. 2, pp. 285–7.

1
Bede,
Lives of the Abbots of
Wearmouth and Jarrow
, ch. 8, in J. F. Webb and D. H. Farmer (trs.),
The
Age of Bede
(London, 1988), p. 195.

2
Bede,
Lives of the Abbots
, ch.
6, in Webb and Farmer,
Age of Bede
, p. 192.

3
The Anonymous History of Abbot Ceolfrith
, in Webb and Farmer,
Age of
Bede
, p. 218.

4
Bede,
Lives of the Abbots
, ch.
17, in Webb and Farmer,
Age of Bede
, p. 205.

5
Bede writes of visiting Bishop Egbert
for study, and meaning to do so again; see the
Epistola ad Ecgbertum
, in
Bede (tr. J. E. King),
Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
(Cambridge,
Mass., 1930), p. 446.

6
See Fiona Edmonds, ‘The
Practicalities of Communication between Northumbrian and Irish Churches
c.635–735’, in James Graham-Campbell and Michael Ryan (eds.),
Anglo-Saxon/Irish Relations before the Vikings
(Oxford, 2009), pp.
129ff.

7
Bede,
Lives of the Abbots
, ch.
13, in Webb and Farmer,
Age of Bede
, p. 200.

8
George Hardin Brown,
A Companion to
Bede
(Woodbridge, 2009), pp. 7–8.

9
Bede,
Lives of the Abbots
, ch.
4, in Webb and Farmer,
Age of Bede
, p. 190.

10
Bernard Bischoff,
Manuscripts and
Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne
(Cambridge, 2007), p. 15.

11
Bede,
Lives of the Abbots
,
in Webb and Farmer,
Age of Bede
, pp. 192, 193.

12
Bede (tr. J. E. King),
Historia
ecclesiastica
, book II, pp. xxiv, 382, 384.

13
Bede to Acca, Bishop of Hexham,
quoted in Rosalind Love, ‘The Library of the Venerable Bede’, in Richard
Gameson (ed.),
The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain
, vol. I:
400–1100
(Cambridge, 2012), p. 606.

14
Richard Gameson, ‘Anglo-Saxon
Scribes and Scriptoria’, in Gameson,
Cambridge History of the Book in
Britain
, p. 103.

15
For a brief account, see John J.
Contreni, review of Martin Hellmann,
‘Tironische Noten in der Karolingerzeit am
Beispiel eines Persius-Kommentars aus der Schule von Tours’,
Speculum
77, 4 (2002), pp. 1305–7.

16
In the introduction to his Commentary
on the Gospel of St Luke, Bede says that, tied down by monastic chores, he worked as
‘dictator, notarius, librarius’. See J. A. Giles,
The Complete Works
of the Venerable Bede
(London, 1844), vol. X, p. 268.

17
Bischoff,
Manuscripts and
Libraries
, p. 7; Jennifer O’Reilly, ‘“All that Peter
stands for”: The
Romanitas
of the
Codex Amiatinus
Reconsidered’, in Graham-Campbell and Ryan,
Anglo-Saxon/Irish
Relations
, pp. 367ff.

18
Michelle P. Brown:
The
Lindisfarne Gospels and the Early Medieval World
(London, 2011), pp.
143–8.

19
Michelle P. Brown:
The Book and
the Transformation of Britain c.550–1050
(London, 2011), p. 54.

20
Sr Winifred Mary OP, ‘The
Medieval Scribe’,
Classical Journal
48, 6 (1953), pp. 207ff.

21
Bede,
Life of Cuthbert
, ch.
33, in Webb and Farmer,
Age of Bede
, p. 86.

22
O’Reilly, ‘“All
that Peter stands for”’, in Graham-Campbell and Ryan,
Anglo-Saxon/Irish Relations
, p. 379.

23
Brown,
The Book and the
Transformation
, p. 19 for marks; p. 95 for binding; p. 55 for lightbox.

24
Diarmuid Scully, ‘Bede’s
Chronica Maiora
: Early Insular History’, in Graham-Campbell and
Ryan,
Anglo-Saxon/Irish Relations
, p. 48.

25
Bede (tr. J. E. King),
Historia
ecclesiastica
, book IV, ch. II, pp. 10ff.

26
Faith Wallis (ed. and tr.),
Bede:
The Reckoning of Time
(Liverpool, 2012), p. 202.

27
See John Maddicott, ‘Plague in
Seventh Century England’, in Lester K. Little (ed.),
Plague and the End of
Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750
(Cambridge, 2007), pp. 171ff. (p. 184
for Bede).

28
Wallis,
Bede
, p. 78.

29
Wesley M. Stevens, ‘Sidereal
Time in Anglo-Saxon England’, in C. B. Kendall and P. S. Wells (eds.),
Voyage to the Other World: The Legacy of Sutton Hoo
(Minneapolis,
1992), p. 130.

30
Wallis,
Bede
, p. 260 for
fifty-nine-times table; pp. 255ff. for finger calculations.

31
Cf. Pope Gregory’s letter
making Boniface a bishop, 1 December 722, in Ephrain Emerton,
The Letters of St.
Boniface
(New York, 2000), p. 22.

32
Wallis,
Bede
, pp.
lxxiff.

33
Paul Hughes, ‘Implicit
Carolingian Tidal Data’,
Early Science and Medicine
8, 1 (2003), p.
20 for the round Earth; p. 18 for Bede’s Irish predecessors.

34
Wesley M. Stevens,
Bede’s
Scientific Achievement
, Jarrow Lecture 1985, rev. 1995; in Stevens,
Cycles of Time and Scientific Learning in Medieval Europe
(Aldershot,
1995), II, pp. 27ff.

35
Hughes, ‘Implicit Carolingian
Tidal Data’, p. 12.

36
Bede’s letter to Plegwin is in
Wallis,
Bede
, pp. 405ff.

37
For the whole issue, see Jane
Stevenson, ‘The Beginnings of Literacy in Ireland’,
Proceedings of
the Royal Irish Academy
89C (1989), pp. 127ff.

38
Ludwig Bieler (ed.),
The
Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh
(Dublin, 1979), p. 122 for
Patrick’s books; p. 94 for the contest with the druid; p. 126 for the alphabet
in Tírechán’s
Life
.

39
Boniface to Eadburga, 735, in
Emerton,
Letters of St. Boniface
, pp. 42–3.

40
Boniface to Bishop Daniel of
Winchester, 742–6, in ibid., p. 94.

41
M. B. Parkes,
Pause and Effect:
An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West
(Aldershot,
1992), p. 23.

42
Brown,
The Book and the
Transformation
, p. 30.

43
Bischoff,
Manuscripts and
Libraries
, p. 17.

44
Brown,
The Book and the
Transformation
, p. 45.

45
Parkes,
Pause and Effect
, p.
30.

46
Bischoff,
Manuscripts and
Libraries
, p. 15.

47
Ibid., pp. 18, 20.

48
Brown,
The Book and the
Transformation
, p. 40.

49
Gameson, ‘Anglo-Saxon Scribes
and Scriptoria’, in Gameson,
Cambridge History of the Book in
Britain
, pp. 103–4.

50
Emerton,
Letters of St.
Boniface
, p. 145 for towels; pp. 101–4 for Mercia; p. 42 for ‘solace
of books’.

51
Richard Gameson, ‘The
Circulation of Books between England and the Continent c.871–c.1100’, in
Gameson,
Cambridge History of the Book in Britain
, p. 344.

52
Emerton,
Letters of St.
Boniface
, p. 42.

53
Bede (tr. J. E. King),
Historia
ecclesiastica
, book V, pp. xxiv, 384–8.

54
Rosamond McKitterick,
The
Carolingians and the Written Word
(Cambridge, 1989), p. 194.