The Edge of the World: How the North Sea Made Us Who We Are (57 page)

34
Christine de Pizan (tr. Sarah
Lawson),
The Treasure of the City of Ladies
(London, 2003), pp. 116,
132.

35
William Harrison (ed. Georges
Edelen),
The Description of England
(Ithaca, 1968), p. 145.

36
Scott,
Medieval Dress and
Fashion
, pp. 84–5.

37
Quoted in Christopher Breward,
The Culture of Fashion
(Manchester, 1995), p. 56.

38
Philip Stubbes (ed. Margaret Jane
Kidnie),
The Anatomie of Abuses
(Tempe, 2002), p. 99.

39
John Warrington (ed.),
The Paston
Letters
(London, 1956), vol. II, p. 50.

40
Ibid., II, 195.

41
Ibid., I, 161; I, 223; II, 23; II,
63; II, 32; II, 206; II, 178. The Howards’ list is on pp. 37–9 of vol. II.

42
Cited from the reissue of Eileen
Power’s translation
The Goodman of Paris
(1928) (Woodbridge, 2008),
p. 37; cf. Daniel Roche,
La Culture des apparences
(Paris, 1989).

43
Scott,
Medieval Dress and
Fashion
, p. 89.

44
Ann Rosalind Jones, ‘Habits,
Holdings, Heterologies: Populations in Print in a 1562 Costume Book’,
Yale
French Studies
110 (2006).

45
François Deserps (ed. Sara Shannon),
A collection of the various styles of clothing which are presently worn in
countries of Europe, Asia, Africa and the savage islands: all realistically
depicted
(Minneapolis, 2001), p. 28 for diversity; pp. 120–21 for Lübeck;
p. 68 for Scots; p. 60 for Dutch; p. 56 for Brabant; p. 82 for Zeeland.

46
Cesare Vecellio,
Habiti Antichi
et Modeni di tutto il Mundo
(Venice, 1589), p. 276 for Englishwomen; p. 239
for women of Antwerp; pp. 293–4 for Northern women’s habits; unpaginated front
matter for ‘capriccio’.

47
Stubbes,
Anatomie of Abuses
,
on these pages: 236 for music; 199 for actors; 251 for football; 156 for
‘cankers’; 134 for ‘fashions’; 123 for flowers; 67 for
‘sin’; 122 for ‘Arithmetician’; 92 for ‘Ruffs’;
90 for hats; 100 for slippers; 96 for doublets; 10 for ‘apparel lying
rotting’; 107 for make-up; 111 for hair; 117 for Devil starching; 112 for fair
hair; 120 for daughters; 66 for Pride; 71 for ‘who is a Gentleman’.
Kidnie’s immaculate edition reproduces Stubbes’s spellings, which I have
adjusted without changing his vocabulary.

48
See Stanisland, ‘Getting There,
Got It’, in Gaimster and Stamper,
Age of Transition
, p. 244.

49
Stubbes,
Anatomie of Abuses
,
p. 29 for ‘according to degree’; p. 95 for soft shirts; pp. 30–31 for
effeminacy; p. 32 for women in doublets.

1
The rules for ordeals varied.
Anglo-Saxon rules (the diet for the fast, for example) are discussed in M. H. Kerr,
R. D. Forsyth and M. J. Plyley, ‘Cold Water and Hot Iron: Trial by Ordeal in
England’,
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
22, 4 (Spring 1992),
pp. 582–3. Those rules are set out in the twelfth-century
Textus Roffensis
,
excerpted and translated in Michael Swanton,
Anglo-Saxon Prose
(London,
1975), pp. 5–6. Rules in the Frankish kingdoms included the kissing of the Gospel,
the specific forms of prayer; see Karl Zeumer (ed.),
Formulae Merowingici et
Karolini aevi
(Hannover, 1886), pp. 638ff. For shaving and the three days
of fasting, see Peter Brown, ‘Society and the Supernatural: A Medieval
Change’,
Daedalus
104, 2 (1975), p. 134.

2
Zeumer,
Formulae Merowingici et
Karolini aevi
, pp. 639, 654.

3
Ibid., p. 640.

4
James A. Brundage, ‘
E
Pluribus Unum
: Custom, the Professionalisation of Medieval Law and Regional
Variations in Marriage Formation’, in Mia Korpiola (ed.),
Regional
Variations in Matrimonial Law and Custom in Europe 1150–1600
(Leiden,
2011), p. 37.

5
Zeumer,
Formulae Merowingici et
Karolini aevi
, p. 639.

6
Atlamál in Grœnlenzku
11, in Andy Orchard (tr. and ed.),
The Elder
Edda
(London, 2011), p. 217.

7
Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards (tr.),
Orkneyinga Saga
(London, 1978), p. 108.

8
Quoted in Alain Marez, ‘Une
Europe des Vikings? La leçon des inscriptions runiques’, in Regis Boyer,
Les Vikings, premiers Européens, VIIIème–XIème siècle
(Paris, 2005), p.
143.

9
Sigrdrífumál
6, in Orchard,
Elder Edda
, p. 170.

10
Sigrdrífumál
10, in ibid., p. 171.

11
Hávamál
142, in ibid., p. 36.

12
För Skírnis
31, 36, in ibid., p. 65.

13
Gudrúnarkvida in fyrsta
23, in ibid., p. 182.

14
Atlamál in Grœnlenzku
3, 4, 12, in ibid., p. 216–17.

15
Gudrúnarkvida in Forna
22–4, in ibid., p. 199.

16
Jenny Jochens, ‘La Femme Viking
en avance sur son temps’, in Boyer,
Vikings
, p. 224.

17
Catharina Randvere, ‘The Power
of the Spoken Word’,
Viking and Medieval Scandinavia
I (2005), pp.
182–3.

18
Judith Jesch,
Women in the Viking
Age
(Woodbridge, 1991), p. 56.

19
Birgit Sawyer,
The Viking Age
Rune-Stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia
(Oxford, 2000), p. 119.

20
Magnus Olsen, ‘Runic
Inscriptions in Great Britain, Ireland and the Isle of Man’, in Haakon
Shetelig (ed.),
Viking Antiquities in Great Britain and Ireland
(Oslo,
1954), p. 191.

21
Jesch,
Women in the Viking
Age
, p. 51.

22
Ibid., p. 64.

23
Olsen, ‘Runic
Inscriptions’, in Shetelig,
Viking Antiquities
, p. 215, and Marez,
‘Une Europe des Vikings?’, in Boyer,
Vikings
, p. 140.

24
Marez, ‘Une Europe des
Vikings?’, in Boyer,
Vikings
, p. 155.

25
Ibid., p. 156.

26
Ibid., p. 160.

27
Ibid., p. 170.

28
Ibid., pp. 172, 174.

29
Gitte Hansen, ‘Kontekst,
avsetningshistorie og frekke runeristere i Bergen’, in Årbok for Bergen Museum
2005, pp. 44–7.

30
A. Liestol,
Runer fra
Bryggen
(Oslo, 1964); I am grateful to Gitte Hansen (personal
communication) for the citation, the translation and the dating. The stick is BRM
0/18959 in the Bryggen Museum, Bergen.

31
Swanton,
Anglo-Saxon Prose
,
p. 6.

32
Zeumer,
Formulae Merowingici et
Karolini aevi
, p. 649.

33
Swanton,
Anglo-Saxon Prose
,
p. 5.

34
Finbarr McAuley, ‘Canon Law and
the End of the Ordeal’,
Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
26, 3 (2006),
p. 481.

35
Kerr, Forsyth and Plyley, ‘Cold
Water and Hot Iron’, p. 579.

36
Ernest C. York, ‘Isolt’s
Ordeal: English Legal Customs in the Medieval Tristan Legend’,
Studies in
Philology
68, 1, p. 7, for the list.

37
Kerr, Forsyth and Plyley, ‘Cold
Water and Hot Iron’, pp. 579–80.

38
Gudrúnarkvida in Thridja
6–11, in Orchard,
Elder Edda
, pp.
203–4.

39
Michael H. Gelting,
‘Poppo’s Ordeal: Courtier Bishops and the Success of Christianization at
the Turn of the First Millennium’,
Viking and Medieval Scandinavia
6
(2010), p. 104, quoting Widukind,
Rerum gestarum Saxonicarum libri
tres.

40
Alfred Levison (ed.),
Capitularia
Regum Francorum
(Hannover, 1883), p. 129, under
Divisio Regnorum
,
dated 6 February 806, par. 14.

41
Zeumer,
Formulae Merowingici et
Karolini aevi
, p. 641.

42
Ibid., p. 651.

43
Ibid., p. 641.

44
Swanton,
Anglo-Saxon Prose
,
p. 6.

45
John W. Baldwin, ‘The
Intellectual Preparation for the Canon of 1215 against Ordeals’,
Speculum
36, 4 (October 1961), pp. 613ff.

46
Wolfgang P. Müller, ‘The
Recovery of Justinian’s Digest in the Middle Ages’,
Bulletin of
Medieval Canon Law
20 (1990), pp. 1–6, 25–7.

47
Brundage, ‘
E Pluribus
Unum
’, p. 97.

48
Ibid., pp. 21, 31, 34–5.

49
Quoted in McAuley, ‘Canon
Law’, p. 473.

50
Baldwin,
Intellectual
Preparation
, p. 620.

51
For objections to ordeals and the
arguments of Peter the Chanter, see ibid., esp. pp. 627ff.

52
James A. Brundage,
The Medieval
Origins of the Legal Profession
(Chicago, 2008), pp. 1–8 for start of
profession; pp. 70–72 for Ireland; p. 37 for Martial and Juvenal.

53
A. G. van Hamel (ed.),
Lamentations de Matheolus … de Jehan le Fèvre, de Resson
(Paris, 1892), vol. I, p. 283: in French, lines 519–30; in Latin, 4579–83.

54
William Langland (tr. A. V. C.
Schmidt),
Piers Plowman
(Oxford, 1992), p. 7.

55
Michael Haren (ed. and tr.),
‘The Interrogatories for Official, Large and Secular Estates of the
Memoriale Presbiterorum
’, in Peter Billen and A. J. Minnis
(eds.),
Handling Sin: Confession in the Middle Ages
(Woodbridge, 1998), pp.
132–3.

56
See Adriaan Verhulst,
The Rise of
Cities in North-West Europe
(Cambridge and Paris, 1999), esp. pp.
153ff.

57
Howell,
Commerce before
Capitalism
, pp. 61–3 for trees; pp. 38–41 for property and law.

58
Sister James Eugene Madden,
‘Business Monks, Banker Monks, Bankrupt Monks: The English Cistercians in the
Thirteenth Century’,
Catholic Historical Review
49, 3 (1963), pp.
341ff.

59
William M. McGovern Jr, ‘The
Enforcement of Informal Contracts in the Later Middle Ages’,
California
Law Review
59, 5 (1971), pp. 1145ff.

60
F. R. (Fritz Redlich), ‘A
Fourteenth Century Business History’,
Business History Review
39, 2
(1965), pp. 261ff.

61
Pamela Nightingale, ‘Monetary
Contraction and Mercantile Credit in Later Medieval England’,
Economic
History Review
43, 4 (1990), pp. 573–4.

62
Anton Englert, ‘Large Cargo
Vessels in Danish Waters 1000–1250: Archaeological Evidence for Professional
Merchant Seafaring before the Hanseatic Period’, in C. Beltrame (ed.),
Boats, Ships and Shipyards
(Oxford, 2003), pp. 273ff.

63
Jacques Heers,
La Naissance du
capitalisme au Moyen Âge
(Paris, 2012), pp. 229–30.

64
For a full account of these new
complexities, see Peter Spufford,
Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval
Europe
(London, 2002), esp. pp. 12–42.

65
Eric Knibbs,
Ansgar, Rimbert and
the Forged Foundations of Hamburg–Bremen
(Farnham, 2011), p. 135 for
Charlemagne; p. 153 for archbishop; p. 207 for Rimbert’s role.

66
Alfred Hiatt,
The Making of
Medieval Forgeries: False Documents in Fifteenth-Century England
(London,
2004), p. 22 for scale of forgeries; p. 25 for John of Salisbury; pp. 36–7 for
Crowland; pp. 156ff. for Austria; pp. 70ff. for Cambridge.

67
McAuley, ‘Canon Law’, pp.
490–97.

68
James Bruce Ross (tr. and ed.),
Galbert of Bruges: The Murder of Charles the Good
(New York, 2005), p.
160 for the ‘murderers’; p. 192 for the body; p. 204 for the law.

69
R. C. Van Caenegem, ‘Customary
Law in Twelfth-Century Flanders’, in Ludo Milis et al. (eds.),
Law,
History, the Low Countries and Europe
(London, 1994), pp. 97ff.

70
R. C. Van Caenegem, ‘Roman Law
in the Southern Netherlands’, in Milis et al.,
Law, History, the Low
Countries and Europe
, pp. 123ff.

71
Marc Bouchat, ‘Procedures
Juris Ordine Observato
et
Juris Ordine Non Observato
dans les
arbitrages du diocèse de Liège au XIIIe siècle’,
Tijdschrift voor
Rechtsgeschiendenis
60 (1992), pp. 377ff.

72
Oscar Gelderblom, ‘The
Resolution of Commercial Conflicts in Bruges, Antwerp and Amsterdam
(1250–1650)’, in Debin Ma and Jan Luiten van Zanden (eds.),
Law and
Long-Term Economic Change
(Stanford, 2011), pp. 246–7 for Veckinchusen
case.

73
Wendy J. Turner, ‘Silent
Testimony: Emotional Displays and Lapses of Memory as Indicators of Mental
Instability in Medieval English Investigations’, in Wendy J. Turner (ed.),
Madness in Medieval Law and Custom
(Leiden, 2010), p. 81.

74
James R. King, ‘The Mysterious
Case of the “Mad” Rector’, in Turner,
Madness in Medieval Law
and Custom
, pp. 70ff.

1
Richard Vaughan (tr.),
The
Illustrated Chronicles of Matthew Paris
(Stroud, 1993), p. 187.

2
J. M. Bos, B. van Geel and J. P. Pals,
‘Waterland 1000–2000
AD
’, in Hilary H. Birks et al.
(eds.),
The Cultural Landscape Past, Present and Future
(Cambridge, 1988),
pp. 321ff.