The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis (50 page)

“
The only way to obtain
”:
Accounts of lousiness among British World War I troops were collected by John Simkin at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWlice.htm.

Though no typhus
:
Wilhelm His,
A German Doctor at the Front
(Berkeley: National Service, 1933), 75.

It rarely killed
:
Richard Strong et al.,
Trench Fever: Report of Commission, Medical Research Committee, American Red Cross
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1918), 2–3.

Typhus broke out in Serbia
:
Hirszfeld,
One Life
, 32; Kenneth Maxcy,
Typhus Fever in the United States
(Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1929), 5–6.

Each laboratory had its
:
W. Köhler, “Killed in Action: Microbiologists and Clinicans as Victims of Their Occupation. Part 1: Typhus,”
International Journal of Medical Microbiology
295 (2005): 133–40.

Prowazek protected himself
:
Jan. 21, 1915, letter in Austrian Kriegsarchiv, courtesy of Paul Weindling.

Rocha Lima, who fell ill
:
Burt Wolbach et al.,
The Etiology and Pathology of Typhus: Being the Main Report on the Typhus Research Commission of the League of Red Cross Societies to Poland
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1922), 116–20.

One of the few typhus
:
Hans Zinsser,
As I Remember Him: The Biography of R.S.
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1940), 220.

Though evidence of louse transmission
:
“Typhus Discovery Described in Paper,”
New York Times
, May 17, 1914.

Plotz and his vaccine
:
“Mt. Sinai Aids Work on Serbian Typhus,”
New York Times
, June 27, 1915.

It was never exactly
:
Mitchell et al.,
Typhus Fever
, 38.

In 1916, Edmund Weil
:
R. Cruikshank, “The Weil-Felix Reaction in Typhus Fever,”
Journal of Hygiene
27 (1927): 64–69.

Other physicians, including Nicolle
:
Albert Besson,
Practical Bacteriology, Microbiology and Serum Therapy
(New York: Longmans, Green, 1913), 847; Maximiliano Ruiz Castañeda,
Escritos y entrevistas
(Toluca: FONAPAS, 1978), 41–43.

To prove that a particular
:
Victoria Harden, “Koch’s Postulates and the Etiology of Rickettsial Diseases,”
History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
42 (1987): 277–95

The early years of the Russian
:
Francis McCullagh,
A Prisoner of the Reds: The Story of a British Officer Captured in Siberia
(London: John Murray, 1921), 31–35.

“
A minor setback
”:
Jerzy Borz
cki,
The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 15.

“
I do not suppose
”:
Carl Eric Bechhofer Roberts,
In Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus, 1919–1920
(New York: Collins, 1921), 109–10.

The Polish leader Piłsudski
:
W. Bruce Lincoln,
Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 403.

Kolchak . . . was routed and fled
:
McCullagh,
Prisoner
, 6–35.

“
The sights which
”:
Ibid., 31, 6.

“Comrades,” Lenin told
:
Vladimir I. Lenin,
“
Report of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars, Dec. 5, 1919,” in
Collected Works
, vol. 30 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965), 228.

A German Red Cross
:
Peter Mühlens, “Die russische Hunger- und Seuchenkatastrophe in den Jahren 1921–1922,”
Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten
99 (1923): 1–45.

Mutual delousing
:
Patenaude,
Bololand
, 236.

Conditions were particularly awful
:
Oct. 20, 1920, letter from Harry Plotz to Felix M. Warburg, Joint Distribution Committee, accessed at http://search.archives.jdc.org/multimedia/Documents/NY_AR1921/00022/NY_AR1921_00233.pdf#search=’harry plotz kiev’.

Typhus would have a transformative
:
McCullagh,
Prisoner
, 321

This demographic impact
:
Churchill speech of Nov. 5, 1919, in
Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations
, ed. Richard M. Langworth (New York: Public Affairs, 2008), 35.

His method of inoculating
:
Stanisława Woyciechowska, interview by Ryszard Wójcik, Jan. 7, 1979.

Weigl had not been
:
Weigl, “Der gegenwärtige Stand der Rickettsiaforschung,”
Klinische Wochenschrift
3 (1924): 1638.

“
His determination to pursue
”:
Zbigniew Stuchly, “Wspomnienia o Rudolfie Weiglu” (Recollections of Rudolf Weigl), accessed at http://lwow.home.pl/weigl/stuchly.html.

Even as a student
:
Brz
k,
Nusbaum-Hilarowicz
, 270–71.

Weigl published the first
:
Beiträge zur Klinik der Infektionskrankheiten und Immunitätsforschung
8 (1920): 353–76.

He and a friend were
:
Woyciechowska, interview with Wójcik, Jan. 7, 1979.

Health disasters were
:
H. L. Gilchrist, “Fighting Typhus Fever in Poland,”
University of Cincinnati Medical Bulletin
, Feb. 1922.

Herbert Hoover, whom Wilson
:
Alfred E. Cornebise,
Typhus and Doughboys: The American Polish Typhus Relief Expedition, 1919–1921
(Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1982), 15–17; Zbigniew Karpus,
Russian and Ukrainian Prisoners of War and Internees Kept in Poland in 1918–1924
(Torun: Wydawn. Adam Marsalek, 2001), 51–53, 106–12.

Perhaps because lice were
:
Zinsser,
Rats
, 187. See also Gilchrist, “Fighting Typhus Fever.”

Children were always the first
:
Cornebise,
Doughboys
, 63–70.

“
The Jews were said to be
”:
E. W. Goodall, “Typhus Fever in Poland, 1916 to 1919,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
(Sect Epidemiol State Med) 13 (1920): 272–73.

Several of the medical
:
R. A. Bacot, “Details of the Technique Adopted in Following Weigl’s Plan of Feeding Lice Infected with the Virus of Typhus Fever by Rectal Injection,”
British Journal of Experimental Pathology
3 (1922): 72–74.

Chapter 2: City on the Edge of Time

Rajchman, an assimilated
:
Marta Balinska,
For the Good of Humanity. Ludwik Rajchman, Medical Statesman
(Budapest: Central European University, 1998), 41–80.

The health agency, known
:
Hirszfeld,
One Life
, 66–72.

Soon after Weigl moved to Lwów
:
R. A. Bacot, “Details of the Technique Adopted in Following Weigl’s Plan of Feeding Lice Infected with the Virus of Typhus Fever by Rectal Injection,”
British Journal of Experimental Pathology
3 (1922): 72–74.

Like many successful
:
Gabriel Brz
k,
Józef Nusbaum-Hilarowicz:
ycie, prace, dzielo
(Life and works) (Lublin: Wydawn. Lubelskie, 1984), 55.

She was beautiful
:
Wiktor Weigl, “Wspomnienia o moim Ojcu” (Memories of my father), in Z
wyci
y
tyfus—Instytut Rudolfa Weigla we Lwowie. Dokumenty i wspomnienia
, ed. Zbigniewa Stuchly (Wrocław: Sudety, 2001), accessed at http://lwow.home.pl/weigl/turek.html.