The Folly of Fools (52 page)

55
A novel experiment:
Soon et al 2008.

56
Flip side:
Libet 2004, Wegner 2002;
thought suppression in the lab:
Anderson et al 2004.

57
Ironic effects of thought suppression:
Wegner 1989, 2009, Wegner et al 2004.

58
Neural inhibition of deception area:
Karim et al 2009.

59
Brains of pathological liars:
Yang et al 2007;
jugglers:
Scholz et al 2009;
unconscious voice recognition experiments:
Gur and Sackeim 1979.

61
Unconscious facial recognition:
Bobes et al 2004;
voice recognition in birds:
Margoliash and Konishi 1985.

62
Anosognosia:
Ramachandran 2009.

63
Response time to threatening words:
Nardone et al 2008;
dominance reversal in birds:
reviewed in Trivers 1985.

64
IAT:
Greenwald et al 1998;
improvements in methodology:
Greenwald et al 2003; general IAT effects: Greenwald et al 2009.

65
IAT for racial preferences:
Nosek et al 2002;
effects of racial prime on academic performance:
Steele and Aronson 1995;
effects of racial bias on executive control of the biased:
Richeson and Shelton 2003.

66
False confessions:
Kassin 2005, Kassin and Gudjonsson 2005;
disassociation under torture:
Ray et al 2006;
high disassociators and interference on Stroop
: Freyd et al 1998.

67
False memories of child abuse:
McNally 2003, Clancy 2009.

71
Placebo effects in general:
Benedetti 2009, Price et al 2008;
rubbing is good
: Saradeth et al 1994;
so are sham devices:
Kaptchuk et al 2006;
homeopathic effects are placebo effects:
Shang et al 2005.

72
Color of pills:
de Craen et al 1996;
angina surgery
: Cobb et al 1959;
arthroscopic surgery
: Moseley et al 1996.

73
Placebo and pain
: Wager et al 2004, Benedetti 2009; I thank Anders Moller for the quote from unpublished work;
meta-analysis of placebo and depression
: Fournier et al 2010.

74
Auto-stimulatory effects on female sexuality:
Palace 1995;
caffeine and cyclists
: Beedie et al 2006;
placebo effect out of a placebo effect
: Kaptchuk et al 2010.

75
Placebo and suggestibility:
Benedetti 2009;
hypnosis and Stroop test
: Raz et al 2002;
Stroop test:
Stroop 1935;
immune benefits of hypnosis:
Gruzeller 2002.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 4

77
Hamilton’s rule:
Hamilton 1964.

78
Self-deception regarding parental investment:
Eibach and Mock 2011

79
Paternal grandmothers:
Fox et al 2010.

80
Parent/offspring conflict:
Trivers 1974, Trivers 1985.

82
High disassociators and interference on Stroop:
Freyd et al 1998;
early discovery of imprinted genes:
Haig and Westoby 1989.

83
Conflict between
Igf2
and
Igf2r
:
Haig and Graham 1991;
evidence for Haig’s rule:
Haig 2004, Burt and Trivers 2006;
chimeric mice:
Keverne et al 1996.

84
Selves-deception:
Burt and Trivers 2006;
imprinting and genes in the brain:
Gregg et al 2010;
paternal genes for maternal behavior:
Li et al 1999, Curley et al 2004;
incest:
Haig 1999.

86 I am indebted to David Haig for the notion that imprinting becomes less important with increasing adult age.

87
Children’s reaction to a new half-sibling:
Schlomer et al 2010.

88
Variety of children’s deception:
Reddy 2007.

89
How often children lie:
Wilson et al 2003;
white lies:
Talwar et al 2007;
temper tantrums in chimps and pelicans:
reviewed in Trivers 1985;
fetal deception during pregnancy:
Haig 1993.

90
Intelligence and deception in children:
Lewis 1993.

91
Smiling at victim and deception in children:
Talwar et al 2007;
dominance and deception:
Keating and Heitman 1994.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 5

96
Investment and genes:
Trivers 1972;
asexual species small, frequent extinction:
Bell 1982.

97
Bluegill sunfish single-siders:
Gross et al 2007.

99
Human female and male choice:
Thornhill and Gangestad 2008.

100
Attribution of relatedness:
Daly and Wilson 1982.

101
Creating artificial parental resemblance:
Platek et al 2004;
male sexual jealousy:
Daly et al 1982.

103
Duck re-raped by mate:
Barash 1977;
women and men respond to infidelity:
Daly et al 1982;
women are more attractive at the time of ovulation:
Thornhill and Gangestad 2008;
derogate the looks of other women more:
Fisher 2004;
in several clubs in Vienna:
Grammer et al 2004.

104
Preferences shift at ovulation to signs of genetic quality:
Thornhill and Gangestad 2008;
lap dancers:
Miller et al 2007;
genetic matching lowers female sexual interest:
Garver-Apgar et al 2006;
women’s sense of smell more acute:
Yousem et al 1999;
especially at ovulation:
Thornhill et al 2003.

105
Women are better at reading facial expressions:
Williams and Mattingley 2006;
women’s brains tend to act more symmetrically:
Kovalev et al 2003;
men deceive themselves about women’s sexual interest:
Haselton 2003.

106
Two sexes introduced together for ten minutes:
Grammer et al 2000;
male denial of homosexual tendencies:
Adams et al 1996; for a possible alternative view of the latter, Meier et al 2006.

108
People have a bias toward seeing improvement:
Karney and Coombs 2000;
both spouses reported steady improvement:
Frye and Karney 2004;
self-justification as assassin of marriage:
Tavris and Aronson 2007.

111
Elin Woods:
National Enquirer
April 2010,
National Enquirer
December 2009, Vecsey 2010.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 6

115
Parasites arrayed against immune systems:
for an excellent general review of the two-sided interaction, Schmidt-Hempel 2011.

116
The immune system sends many cellular types:
Murphy et al 2008;
immune system as sixth sense:
Blalock and Smith 2007.

117
Immune system is expensive:
Murphy et al 2008.

118
Metabolic cost of fever and immune response:
Lochmiller and Deerenberg 2000, Baracos et al 1987.

119
Sickness behavior:
Dantzer and Kelley 2007.

120
Sleep beneficial for immune function:
Cohen et al 2009, Bryant et al 2004;
different species of mammals:
Preston et al 2009.

121
The lowest testosterone levels:
Gray and Campbell 2009, Burnham et al 2003, Muller et al 2009;
males with higher testosterone are more likely to become infected:
Muhlenbein et al 2006, Muhlenbein 2006, Muhlenbein 2008.

122
Degree of fat-free muscle mass:
Lassek and Gaulin 2009;
stress:
Segerstrom and Miller 2004;
arithmetic:
Sokoloff et al 1955;
brain’s resting energy cost remains virtually constant:
Raichle and Gusnard 2002, Clarke and Sokoloff 1999.

123
Brain is the most genetically active tissue:
Hsiao et al 2001.

124
Brightly colored males chosen for their parasite-resistant genes:
Hamilton and Zuk 1982;
honeybee associative learning:
Mallon et al 2003;
bird brain size and immunity:
Moller et al 2005.

125
River otters and nematode worms, Scherr and Bowman 2009; series of experiments writing about trauma:
Pennebaker 1997, Petrie et al 1998; for effects on HIV: Petrie et al 2004.

126
A recent review of about 150 studies:
Frattaroli 2006;
in New World Amerindian religions; as one psychologist drily notes:
Pennebaker 1997.

127
Emotion words and pronouns:
Ramirez-Esparza and Pennebaker 2006;
undisclosed trauma and sexual trauma:
Pennebaker 2011;
suicide support groups:
Pennebaker and O’Heeron 1984;
chance of reemployment:
Spera et al 1994.

128
Expressive group therapy:
Belanoff et al 2004;
deny HIV-positive statu.s:
Strachan et al 2007;
higher survival of HIV-positive men who are out of the closet:
Cole et al 1996a (study corrected for unsafe sex).

129
HIV-positive women:
Eisenberger et al 2003;
hide your heterosexual identity:
Sullivan, 2010.

130
Better health for HIV-negative men out of closet:
Cole et al 1996b;
rejection-sensitive men:
Cole et al 1997;
direct experimental tests:
Rosenkrantz et al 2003;
response to vaccines:
Marsland et al 2006, Cohen et al 2006; in general: Marsland et al 2007.

131 I am grateful to Srinivas Narayanan for help producing the first and third paragraphs;
effects on older people:
Pennebaker 1997.

132
Monkey music:
Snowdon and Tele 2009;
Musak, jazz, and noise:
Charnetski and Brennan 1998;
injecting cancer cells into mice:
Nunez et al 2002;
Bach’s music:
le Roux et al 2007;
playing music appears to work even better than listening to it
: Kuhn 2002.

133
The original experiment on positivity:
Mather and Carstenson 2003;
results are true among Asians:
Kwon et al 2009;
positive remembered better:
Charles et al 2003;
amygdala:
Mather et al 2004.

134
Older people preferentially look at:
Isaacowitz et al 2008;
until at exactly sixty:
Nosek et al 2002.

135
Old people cranky:
Henry et al 2009.

136
Immune response and survival in birds:
Moller and Saino 2004, Hanssen et al 2004;
optimism:
Segerstrom et al 1998, Segerstrom and Miller 2004;
a recent study:
Segerstrom 2010.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 7

139 The psychology of self-deception:
covered in von Hippell and Trivers 2011, Hallinan 2009, and Tavris and Aronson 2007.

141
Testing a strip:
Ditto and Lopez 2002;
listening to a tape describing the dangers of smoking; avoid taking HIV tests:
Dawson et al 2006;
chosen for a prospective date:
Wilson et al 2004.

142
Capital B or the number 13:
Balcetis and Dunning 2006;
children draw coins larger:
Bruner and Goodman 1947;
thirst primed, gardening made fun:
Veltkamp et al 2008;
capital punishment:
Lord et al 1979.

143
More easily remember positive information:
D’Argembeau et al 2008, Green et al 2008;
telling others:
Coman et al 2009, Cuc et al 2007;
differential rehearsal and biased memory:
Gonsalves et al 2004, Gonsalves and Paller 2000;
biased memory of skills:
Conway and Ross 1984;
men and women both remember:
Tavris and Aronson 2007.

144
Memory continually re-created:
Loftus 1996;
health information distorted:
Croyle et al 2006;
inventive memory:
Mark Twain, numerous times.

145
The illusion of improvement:
Ross and Wilson 2002, Wilson and Ross 2001;
biased reporting and argumentation:
Mercier and Sperber 2011;
deterministic view and cheating:
Vohs and Schooler 2008;
“unintentional” cheating:
von Hippell et al 2005.

146
Sit next to the handicapped:
Snyder et al 1979;
predicting future feelings:
Gilbert 2006.

148
Sounds that are coming toward us:
Neuhoff 1998, 2001;
general rules that work well in most situations:
Kahneman and Tversky 1971; Haselton and Nettle 2006;
in the words of one psychologist:
Wegner 2009.

150
A coauthor decides that an article is not fraudulent:
Chapter 12 in Trivers et al 2009.

151
Beetle facing backwards,
Oreodera glauca
; fish:
Wickler 1968; for an excellent review of cognitive dissonance and self-justification, covering much of the material here, see Tavris and Aronson 2007.

154
Two experts:
Tavris and Aronson 2007.

155
Cognitive dissonance in monkeys and young children:
Egan et al 2007, Egan et al 2010.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 8

158
Stock trading by amateurs:
Barber and Odean 2001;
overconfidence and trading volume:
Glaser and Weber, 2007.