The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka (72 page)

8
An excellent account of the
Ticonderoga
tragedy and its aftermath can be found at
www.mylorenet/Ticonhome.html

9
Henry Nicholls gives us this insight.

10
James Menzies immigrated to Victoria in 1848. His shipboard diary is held by the State Library of Victoria.

11
Beelzebub, alias Lucifer, alias Satan, was sometimes held accountable for the demonic possession of young women. His name also comes up repeatedly in the Salem Witch Trials.

12
The observations of Alpheus Boynton are drawn from his diaries, kept between 1852 and 1856. The diaries are held by the Mitchell Library in Sydney.

13
Sarah Ann Raws' shipboard diary, kept between May and August 1854, is part of the Tomlinson Papers, held at the State Library of Victoria. Sarah's father had owned a cotton mill in England before trying his luck in Victoria. Sarah remained in Victoria after the rest of her family returned to England in 1858. Sarah married butcher John Tomlinson and lived on the Mt Alexander diggings. They had ten children.

14
Mrs William Graham sailed to Victoria on the
Marco Polo
in 1863. Her account of her journey is held by the State Library of Victoria.

FOUR: THE ROAD

1
John D'Ewes published his account
Ballarat in 1854
in London in 1857.

2
These statistics are compiled from the
Melbourne Monthly Magazine
vol. 1 no. 11 June 1855 and the Colonial Secretary's Office Inward Correspondence, PROV VPRS 1189/94. For Aborigines as a ‘dying race', see William Westgarth's early history of Victoria,
Victoria and the Victorian Gold Mines
. Westgarth attributed the decline in the Aboriginal population to the practices of cannibalism and infanticide, particularly of first-born females.

3
Solomon Belinfante's ship journal, penned between 3 April and 21 June 1854, is held by the State Library of Victoria.

4
The observations of Martha Clendinning are drawn from her unpublished memoirs,
Recollections of Ballarat: A Lady's Life at the Diggings Fifty Years Ago
. The manuscript forms part of the Clendinning–Rede papers, held by the State Library of Victoria.

5
This lovely phrase belongs to Weston Bate, drawn from his essay ‘Gold: Social Energiser and Definer'.

6
Janet Kincaid's letter is included in a collection of letters addressed to residents of Maryborough, Victoria, 1851–1902. The collection is held by the State Library of Victoria under the author/creator label
Maryborough
. The diary of American digger Silas Andrews is also in this collection of records.

7
Information pertaining to Eliza Darcy is drawn from the oral history and records of the Darcy/Howard families.

8
The passage is published in John Capper's 1855 guidebook.

9
The observations of Eliza Lucus are drawn from her reminiscences, written in 1913 and held by the State Library of Victoria.

10
Jane McCracken's anguished letters make for uncomfortable reading. From the physical and emotional symptoms she describes to her mother, it is likely Jane was suffering from postnatal depression. Jane's letters form part of the McCracken Family Papers, available on microfilm as part of the Australian Joint Copying Project. Jane's brothers-in-law, Robert and Peter McCracken, established the famous McCracken's City Brewery in 1851. McCracken's was one of the original six breweries that formed the cartel of Carton and United Breweries (CUB) in 1903.

11
John Capper cites these statistics.

12
Historian Geoffrey Serle relates these statistics in
The Golden Age
.

13
These are merchant Robert Caldwell's numbers.

14
William Kelly records these numbers in the 1860 edition of his book. William Westgarth's offers the same statistical analysis.

15
This forms part of Magistrate John D'Ewes' analysis of what went wrong in 1854.

16
Bonwick's
Notes of a Gold Digger
is the source here.

17
Blake's vision in turn came from Luke 3:2–6:
Prepare the way for the Lord, make straight paths for him. Every valley shall be filled in, every mountain and hill made low. The crooked roads shall become straight, the rough ways smooth. And all mankind will see God's salvation.

18
The observations of Emily Skinner are drawn from her journals and memoir. These were written anonymously, the initials E. S. being the only clue to the woman who had immigrated to Victoria in 1854 to join her husband. Writer Edward Duyker painstakingly traced Emily's identity and published the manuscript in 1995. The observations of Mary Bristow are drawn from her journal, kept in 1854, and catalogued as
Aunt Spencer's Diary
in the Royal Historical Society of Victoria's collection. Mary addressed her journal to her nephew. Mrs Mannington Caffyn's observations are included in the anthology of women's writing,
Coo-ee:
Tales of Australian Life by Australian Ladies
, edited by Mrs Patchett Martin in 1891. Other contributors to the collection include the well-known writers ‘Tasma' and Mrs Campbell Praed.

19
James Bonwick,
Australian Gold Digger's Monthly Magazine,
March 1853.

20
Margaret Watson's story is recorded in
Records of Pioneer Women.

21
These stories are drawn from the Victorian
Police Gazette
of 27 February 1854 and 24 March 1854 but any given edition of the
Police Gazette
in this era will have similar details of runaway women and dead babies.

22
The physical description of Catherine Bentley comes from her prison entry record. Public Record Office Victoria, VPRS 521: vol. 2: prisoner no 2818. Descriptions of her temperament are from family oral history. Andrew Crowley, descendant, interview with author, 20 July 2004. Audio and video recorded. Description of James from
Victorian Police Gazette
, 20 March 1856.

FIVE: THE GOLD DIGGERS OF '54

1
PROV VPRS 1189/93, monthly returns January 1854.

2
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,
A Visit to Australia and Its Gold Regions
(London, 1853). This rare book is held in the Special Collections of the Baillieu Library, the University of Melbourne.

3
This is Jo Anne Levy's number. Susan Lee Johnson cites the proportion of women on the southern Californian diggings as three per cent in 1850 and nineteen per cent by 1860.

4
Susan Lee Johnson makes this point in
Roaring Camp
.

5
PROV, Colonial Secretary's Office Outward Registered Correspondence, VPRS 3219, E1483.

6
The quote is drawn from an undated article in the
Ballarat Star
entitled ‘Reminiscences of 1851–4'. The article is in the Francis William Niven Collection held by the University of Melbourne Archives. MS 74/73.

7
Chris McConville used this expression in his speech at the launch of the collection
Deeper Leads
, edited by Keir Reeves and David Nichol, at the Ballarat Art Gallery in 2007.

8
Mary Ann Tyler (nee Brooksbank) wrote her memoirs of life as a female gold digger in New South Wales in 1909, six years prior to her death.

9
The
Advertiser
article is cited in Fred Cahir's PhD thesis, ‘Black Gold'.

10
Records of shareholders date for 1857. Marion McAdie's CD ROM,
Mining Shareholders Index 1857–1886
, is an invaluable data set for tracing the shareholding activities of individuals and families. Her index is extracted from the Victorian Government Gazette 1857–86.

11
Geelong Advertiser
, 10 June 1854.

12
Star of the East
arrived in September 1853. Depending on whether Anne conceived on board, the baby could have been born as early as April 1854. The dead baby materialises on the certificate for Anne's second marriage. Anne Diamond (née Keane/Kane) married John Bourke in August 1856.

13
Quoted in Laurel Johnson's groundbreaking booklet,
Women of Eureka
.

14
Mary Davison King's story is relayed in
Records of Pioneer Women
.

15
Shandy-gaff was a mixture of pale ale and ginger beer, a forerunner of today's shandy of beer and lemonade.

16
Mr McMillan's evidence to the Gold Fields Commission, recorded in the Gold Fields Commission Report 1854–55.

17
Harriet's story is included in John Capper's guidebook.

18
For Mrs Fitchett's reports in the
Geelong Advertiser
, see, for example, 13 February 1854.

19
Victorian Census, 1857.

SIX: WINNERS AND LOSERS

1
PROV, Denominational School Board, Inward Registered Correspondence, VPRS 61/3.

2
All details of Sarah Skinner's death are drawn from her inquest files. PROV VPRS 24.

3
William Buchan,
Domestic Medicine; Or, A Treatise on the Prevention and Cure of Diseases by Regimen and Simple Medicine,
1798 A. Strahan [etc.] cited in Rudy's List of Archaic Medical Terms.
http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/

4
Jean Edois Carey Inquest. PROV Inquest Deposition Files, VPRS 24/18 (1854/103).

5
Observations of Charles Eberle are drawn from his diary, held by the Royal Historical Society of Victoria.

6
The observations of Martin Mossman are drawn from his 1853 letters to his Aunt Hetty. The State Library of Victoria holds the letters. Martin told Hetty that he was going to leave the diggings for New Orleans, but there is no record of his departure from Victoria.

7
Antoine Fauchery's
Lettres d'un Mineur
was originally published in Paris in 1857.

8
These numbers are drawn from Digger—Victorian Pioneers Index 1837–1888, available online at the National Library of Australia's eResources website. The figures are by nature conservative, as many itinerant gold seekers did not stop to register their newborns, particularly stillbirths.

9
David Goodman devotes a whole chapter to the concept of Excitement in his exemplary study,
Gold Seeking
.

10
The observations of Samuel Huyghue are drawn from his unpublished account,
The Ballarat Riots
, penned in 1884. The State Library of Victoria holds the manuscript.

11
Greg Blake has calculated the mean ages of the soldiers stationed at Ballarat. He does so in order to make a counterpoint: that the men of the 40th had significantly more experience as trained soldiers than Huyghue gives them credit for.

12
See, for example, Paul Kennelly's unpublished thesis,
Wives in Search of Servants
. Kennelly has compiled a particularly useful collection of data tables regarding female emigration to Victoria in the period 1848–54.

13
These statistics are drawn from my analysis of the Victorian marriage registers. There were many more common law marriages, like that of Anne and Martin Diamond and William and Sarah Skinner. The fact that wives were choosing de facto relationships over sanctified marriages is another indicator that women were hedging their bets, particularly in an era when divorce laws meant that
til death us do part
was the legal reality.

14
Henry Catchpole's observations are drawn from the book
Victoria Gold:
The Everyday Life of Two English Brothers Who Were Diggers
, compiled by Kenneth Kutz.

15
Catherine Chisholm's brother's remarks are drawn from a rare collection of letters spanning 1854–75. The letters are all to Catherine from her tight-knit farming family in Scotland. The Chisholm family papers are held by the State Library of Victoria.

16
The Brownlow Medal is a annual award ceremony for Australian Rules football that has become infamous for the bared flesh and glamorous gowns of the players' wives and girlfriends. The event is held at Crown Casino.

17
Irvine Louden's extraordinary 1992 study,
Death in Childbirth
, looks at the evolution of systems of maternal mortality between 1800 and 1950 in Britain, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and continental Europe.

18
Janet McCalman,
Sex and Suffering
.

19
Henry Handel Richardson based her novel
The Fortunes of Richard Mahoney
on her father's life. Dr Richardson's statistics are quoted in the MA thesis of Ballarat nurse Desley Beechey.

20
Keith Bowden,
Goldrush Doctors.

21
Observations of James Selby are drawn from his diary and papers, kept between 1852 and 1854. The State Library of Victoria holds these manuscripts.

22
Desley Beechey reveals these ghastly details.

23
Details of Mrs Hazlehurst's case are drawn from court reports in the
Ballarat Times
, 19 February 1858.

24
Harry Hastings Pearce (1897–1984) left an extensive archive of goldfields' history and memorabilia to the State Library of Victoria. Pearce's manuscript,
What It Was Like to Be a Miner
, provides these details about infant mortality.

25
The anonymous digger is quoted in John Capper's guidebook.

26
Jocelynne Scutt,
Even in the Best of Homes
(Ringwood: Penguin, 1983).

27
Isaac Batey referred to the
Hobart Town coat of arms
in his reminiscences of life on the goldfields. Batey's manuscript is held by the Royal Historical Society of Victoria.

28
The Williams case is reported in the
Bendigo Advertiser
22 March 1856. Other examples of domestic violence cases are contained in the PROV series Court Records, including Petty Sessions Registers, 1854–1962, VPRS 289, and Court of Petty Sessions Record Book VPRS 5939, both series housed at the Ballarat Archives Centre.