The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia (61 page)

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5. “THE LINDBERGH OF RUSSIA”
1
Interviewed by Emil Ludwig, published in the
Moscow Daily News,
June 5, 1932.
2
Grant Hildebrand,
Designing for Industry: The Architecture of Albert Kahn
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1974), 128; Mira Wilkins and Frank Ernest Hill,
American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents
(Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1964), 217.
3
Robert Robinson,
Black on Red: My Forty-four Years Inside the Soviet Union
(Washington, D.C.: Acropolis, 1988), 29.
4
Maxim Gorky,
Those Who Built Stalingrad: As Told by Themselves
(London: Martin Lawrence, 1934), 226.
5
“Crisis Turns Ford Plant into ‘Madhouse,’”
Moscow Daily News,
Oct. 18, 1932.
6
“Soviet Union Will Ask Fired Ford Men to Work Here,”
Moscow Daily News,
Oct. 20, 1932.
7
Robinson,
Black on Red,
66.
8
Walter Duranty, “Americans Essay Color Bar in Soviet,”
New York Times,
Aug. 10, 1930, 9.
9
William Henry Chamberlin,
Russia’s Iron Age
(London: Duckworth, 1935), 363.
10
“The Fascist Lewis Is Sent Away from the USSR,”
Trud,
Aug. 31, 1930, 361.11/4045, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
11
“450 Americans Reported Held Captive by Reds,” Chicago
Sunday Tribune,
Sept. 21, 1930.
12
Robinson,
Black on Red,
82.
13
“Black Blank,”
Time
magazine, Dec. 24, 1934.
14
Robinson,
Black on Red,
95-107.
15
Robert Scoon, “Those Communist Model A’s,”
The Restorer
14, no. 6 (March-April 1970), Benson Ford Research Center, Dearborn, Mich.
16
July 8, 1932, 861.911/1335, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
17
Andrew Smith,
I Was a Soviet Worker
(London: R. Hale, 1937), 181.
18
“Memo on Autostroy,” 861.797/31, Dec. 7, 1932, RG 59; Enclosure no. 1, to dispatch 65, from Legation at Riga, Latvia, interview with John Karsky, Feb. 8, 1932, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
19
Victor Reuther, “Commitment and Betrayal: Foreign Workers at the Gorky Auto-Works,” ed. Paul T. Christensen (unpublished, 2004), 63.
20
“ ‘Safety First’ Psychology Needed at Nizhni,”
Moscow News,
May 30, 1932, 7.
21
The Reminiscences of Mr. Frank Bennett, Ford Motor Company Archives, Oral History Section, Nov. 1954, Benson Ford Research Center, Dearborn, Mich.
22
Susan Buck-Morss,
Dreamworld and Catastrophe: The Passing of Mass Utopia in East and West
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), 83.
23
Gene Tunney, “So This Is Russia!”
Collier’s Magazine,
Oct. 3, 1931.
24
“Scare Stories of ‘Nizhny Defeat’ Unwarranted, Says U.S. Engineers,”
Moscow News,
April 23, 1932, 3; “ ‘Swellest Union Convention Ever Witnessed’ Say USA Delegates,”
Moscow News,
April 28, 1932, 3.
25
“The Man Who Abandoned Detroit,”
Pravda,
April 26, 1932.
26
“At Work and Play: Americans at Gorki Help Build New Life,”
Moscow News,
May 12, 1934, 3.
27
Herman,
Coming Out of the Ice,
50-52.
28
Ibid., 54-56.
29
Ibid., 58-60.
30
Ibid., 75-76; “Detroit Boy Wins Fame as “Lindy of Russia,”
Detroit Evening Times,
Feb. 18, 1935.
31
Herman,
Coming Out of the Ice,
76-81.
 
6. “THE CAPTURED AMERICANS”
1
Eugene Lyons,
Assignment in Utopia
(London: Harrap, 1938), 240.
2
Ibid., 519-23.
3
Angus Ward letter to Secretary of State, no. 484, April 3, 1935, 130 —Traczewski, Walter, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
4
Report no. 11, 580, Aug. 7, 1931, Berlin, RG 165, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
5
Malcolm Muggeridge,
Winter in Moscow
(London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1934), ix.
6
Walter Duranty, “Russians Hungry But Not Starving,”
New York Times,
Mar. 31, 1933, 13.
7
James E. Abbe,
I Photograph Russia
(London: Harrap, 1935), 280.
8
Lyons,
Assignment in Utopia,
237; State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow, GARF, fond 5515, opis 33, delo 26, listy 061, 062.
9
Willis B. Clemmit, May 18, 1935, Russian Subject Collection, Box 4, File 4, Hoover Institute, Stanford, California; Lyons,
Assignment in Utopia,
576.
10
Walter Duranty, “Abundance Found in North Caucasus,”
New York Times,
Sept. 14, 1933, 14.
11
S. J. Taylor,
Stalin’s Apologist: Walter Duranty, New York Times’ Man in Moscow
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 221.
12
Abbe,
I Photograph Russia,
32.
13
Edmund Wilson,
Red, Black, Blond, and Olive: Studies in Four Civilizations
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 381.
14
Abbe,
I Photograph Russia,
181.
15
Victor Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom: The Personal and Political Life of a Soviet Official
(New York: Scribner’s, 1946), 83.
16
Abbe,
I Photograph Russia,
22.
17
Charles Ciliberti,
Backstairs Mission in Moscow
(New York: Booktab Press, 1946), 21-22.
18
Charles Thayer diary, Oct. 17, 1933, Box 6, Charles Thayer Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.
19
Abbe,
I Photograph Russia,
181-82.
20
Charles Thayer diary, Oct. 10, 1933, Box 6, Charles Thayer Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.
21
Zara Witkin,
An American Engineer in Stalin’s Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932-1934,
ed
.
Michael Gelb (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 127-34.
22
John N. Hazard,
Recollections of a Pioneering Sovietologist
(New York: Oceana, 1987), 44.
23
Eve Garrette Grady,
Seeing Red: Behind the Scenes in Russia Today
(New York: Brewer, Warren and Putnam, 1931), 61-62.
24
“Roosevelt Confers on Russian Policy—Consults Walter Duranty in Regard to Suggestions That Our Attitude Should Change,”
New York Times,
July 26, 1932, 9; Loy Henderson,
A Question of Trust: The Origins of U.S.-Soviet Diplomatic Relations
;
The Memoirs of Loy W. Henderson,
ed. George W. Baer (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1986), 217; Walter Duranty, “The Soviet and Us,”
New York Times,
July 31, 1932, E1; “Roosevelt Confers on Russian Policy,”
New York Times,
July 26, 1932, 1.
25
Walter Duranty, “America Delights Envoy of Soviet,”
New York Times,
Nov. 8, 1933, 25.
26
Dennis J. Dunn,
Caught Between Roosevelt and Stalin: America’s Ambassadors to Moscow
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998), 37.
27
President Franklin Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933-1945, May 2, 1934; Part Two: Diplomatic Correspondence “Russia,” FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.
28
Keith David Eagles,
Ambassador Joseph E. Davies and American-Soviet Relations, 1937-1941
(New York: Garland, 1987), 27.
29
Peter G. Filene,
Americans and the Soviet Experiment, 1917-1933
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 237-40.
30
Fred E. Beale,
Proletarian Journey: New England, Gastonia, Moscow
(New York: Hillman-Curl, 1937), 295-350.
31
Henderson,
A Question of Trust,
248.
32
711.61/343 2/8, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
33
George Kennan,
Memoirs: 1925-1950
(London: Hutchison, 1967), 50-53.
34
Robert Conquest, “How Liberals Funked It,”
Hoover Digest,
no. 3, 1999.
35
Walter Duranty, “President Reveals Pact,”
New York Times,
Nov. 18, 1933, 1.
36
Lyons,
Assignment in Utopia,
346.
37
Yuri Druzhnikov,
Informer 001: The Myth of Pavlik Morozov
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1997), 96.
38
Lyons,
Assignment in Utopia,
241-42.
39
Ibid., 433.
40
Linton Wells,
Blood on the Moon: The Autobiography of Linton Wells
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1937), 347-48.
 
7.“THE ARRIVAL OF SPRING”
1
Handwritten letter, John Match, May 6, 1935, vol. 348, Moscow Post Files, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
2
Loy Henderson Papers, File “Memoirs Vol. 9,” 1938-42, Box 20, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.
3
Loy Henderson,
A Question of Trust: The Origins of U.S.-Soviet Diplomatic Relations: The Memoirs of Loy W. Henderson,
ed. George W. Baer (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1986), 369-70.
4
Elbridge Durbrow Collection, Box 68, interview with John Mason, May 5, 1981, Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.
5
“The Stealthful Soviet Century,” July 9, 1996, 34, Elbridge Durbrow Collection, Box 41, Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.
6
American Consulate, 1934, Vol. 94, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
7
Enclosure no. 1, to dispatch 65, from Legation at Riga, Latvia, interview with John Karsky, Feb. 8, 1932, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
8
Ibid.
9
361.1115/43, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
10
861.5017LC/678, June 10, 1933, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
11
124.61/101, Decimal File, 1930-1939, Box 0793, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
12
Irena Wiley,
Around the Globe in Twenty Years
(New York: McKay, 1962), 11.
13
Ibid., 13.
14
Lindsay Parrott, “Bullitt Home in Moscow to Have 40 Rooms,” Universal Service Special Cable, Feb. 25, 1934.
15
William C. Bullitt, Letter to Eugene Lyons, Nov. 2, 1937, Box 22, File 15, Bullitt Papers, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
16
Jan. 1, 1934, William Bullitt in letter to the president, Franklin Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933-1945; Part Two: Diplomatic Correspondence “Russia,” FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.
17
May 22, 1934, Charles Thayer diary, Charles Thayer Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.
18
“Retreat from Moscow,”
Time
magazine, Sept. 7, 1936, 12.
19
Charles Thayer diary, April 14-May 20, 1934, 53, Charles Thayer Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.
20
William C. Bullitt,
For the President, Personal and Secret: Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt,
ed. Orville H. Bullitt (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 62; “Envoy Bullitt in Plane Crash,” Universal Service Special Cable, June 25, 1934.
21
Ed Falkowski, “Moscow Children Find Their Wonderland,”
Moscow Daily News,
Sept. 1934.
22
Franklin D. Roosevelt letter to Bullitt, Jan. 7, 1934, in Bullitt,
For the President, Personal and Secret,
74.
23
April 21, 1934, 840.6, Moscow Post Files, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
24
Charles Thayer diary, April 14-May 20, 1934, 53a, Charles Thayer Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.
25
Harold Denny, “Americans Mark the Fourth in Russia,”
New York Times,
July 5, 1934.
26
Reels 16-19, Julian Bryan Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
27
Franklin D. Roosevelt letter to Bullitt, Aug. 29, 1934, in Bullitt,
For the President, Personal and Secret,
95.
28
Vol. 335, Moscow Post Files, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
29
“Baseball Comes to the USSR to Stay: 1934 Summarized,”
Moscow Daily News,
June 1934.
30
J.A.E. Curtis,
Manuscripts Don’t Burn: Mikhail Bulgakov; A Life in Letters and Diaries
(London: Bloomsbury, 1991), 198-99; Wiley,
Around the Globe in Twenty Years,
31-35; Elbridge Durbrow, The Stealthful Soviet Century, July 9, 1996, 41, Elbridge Durbrow Collection, Box 41, Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.
31
Mikhail Bulgakov,
The Master and Margarita,
trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volkhonsky (London: Penguin, 1997), 261-73; Charles Thayer,
Bears in the Caviar
(London: Michael Joseph, 1952), 144-54.
32
William C. Bullitt Papers, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
33
William C. Bullitt letter to Judge Moore, March 30, 1936, in Bullitt,
For the President, Personal and Secret,
150.
34
Anna Larina,
This I Cannot Forget: The Memoirs of Nikolai Bukharin’s Widow
(London: Hutchinson, 1993), 233.
35
William C. Bullitt to Secretary of State, April 20, 1936; 861.01/2120, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
36
Letter from Loy Henderson to William C. Bullitt at State Department, dated Moscow, June 26, 1936, William C. Bullitt Papers, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
37
“Found the Russians Unfed and Unhappy,”
New York Times,
Sept. 28, 1931, 11.
38
Reminiscences of Bredo Berghoff, Ford Motor Company Archives, Oral History Section, Nov. 1957, Benson Ford Research Center, Dearborn, Mich.
39
William Henry Chamberlin,
Confessions of an Individualist
(London: Duckworth, 1940), 170.
40
Elizabeth Hampel,
Yankee Bride in Moscow
(New York: Liveright, 1941), 183.
41
“First Baseball Practice Game of Season,”
Moscow Daily News,
c. Aug. 2, 1936.
42
“Trial of Trotskite-Zinovyevite Terrorist Center,”
Moscow Daily News,
Aug. 23, 1936.
43
“It is because everyone is very afraid,” Edmund Wilson,
Red, Black, Blond, and Olive: Studies in Four Civilizations
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 218-19.
44
861.74/73, Feb. 6, 1934, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
45
Dispatch No. 1620, May 27, 1936, American Embassy, Moscow, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
46
Whitman Bassow,
The Moscow Correspondents: Reporting on Russia from the Revolution to Glasnost
(New York: William Morrow, 1988), 84.
47
“American Embassy Announcement,”
Moscow Daily News,
Feb. 28, 1935, 4.
48
Loy Henderson, “Memoirs Vol. 7,” Ch. 10-13, 1934-38, Box 20, Loy Henderson Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.
49
“Russia, Pure Terror,”
Time
magazine, Dec. 17, 1934.
50
“Retreat from Moscow,”
Time
magazine, Sept. 7, 1936.
51
Feb. 17, 1933, 861.911/1403, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

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