The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia (65 page)

1
Quoted from Gordon E. Michalson, Jr.,
Fallen Freedom: Kant on Radical Evil and Moral Regeneration
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 287.

2
Edvard Radzinsky,
Stalin: The First Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia’s Secret Archives,
trans. H. T. Willets (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996), 417.

3
Marc Jansen and Nikita Petrov,
Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940
(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), 187.

4
Charles E. Bohler,
Witness to History, 1929-1969
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 82; Hans Von Herwarth,
Against Two Evils: Memoirs of a Diplomat-Soldier During the Third Reich
(London: Collins, 1981), 150.

5
Winston Churchill,
The Second World War,
vol. 1,
The Gathering Storm
(London: Penguin, 2005), 352.

6
Von Herwarth,
Against Two Evils,
150.

7
Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko,
The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny,
trans. George Saunders (New York: Harper and Row, 1981), 257.

8
Joseph Berger,
Shipwreck of a Generation: The Memoirs of Joseph Berger
(London: Harvill, 1971), 177; Loy Henderson Papers, Box 1, File “Laurence A.Steinhardt,” Loy Henderson Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

9
Victor Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom: The Personal and Political Life of a Soviet Official
(New York: Scribner’s, 1946), 333; Eugenia Ginzburg,
Within the Whirlwind,
trans. Ian Boland (London: Collins/ Harvill, 1981), 26.

10
“Foreign Statesman Greet Stalin on 60th Birthday,”
Moscow News,
Jan. 1, 1940.

11
Antoni Ekart,
Vanished Without a Trace: The Story of Seven Years in Soviet Russia
(London: Parrish, 1954), 94.

12
Homer Smith,
Black Man in Red Russia: A Memoir
(Chicago: Johnson, 1964), 107; Winston Churchill,
The Second World War,
vol. 2,
Their Finest Hour,
(London: Penguin, 2005), 118.

13
Louis Fischer,
Men and Politics: An Autobiography
(London: Cape, 1941), 602.

14
Berthold Unfried, “Foreign Communists and the Mechanisms of Soviet Cadre Formation in the USSR,” from Barry McLoughlin and Kevin McDermott (eds.),
Stalin’s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union
(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 189.

15
Alex Weissberg,
Conspiracy of Silence: An Account of Three Years’ Imprisonment by the GPU,
trans. E. Fitzgerald (London: Hamish Hamilton 1952), 487.

16
Olaf Groehler,
Selbstmörderische Allianz: Deutsch-russische Militärbeziehugne, 1920-1941
(Berlin: Vision Verlag, 1992), 122-23, 139.

17
Margarete Buber,
Under Two Dictators,
trans. E. Fitzgerald (London: Gollanz, 1949), 195.

18
Louis Fischer (ed.),
Thirteen Who Fled: Thirteen Essays by Refugees from Soviet Russia
(New York: Harper, 1949), 36.

19
Kolya Voinov,
Outlaw: The Autobiography of a Soviet Waif
(London: Harvill, 1955), 174.

20
Obituary, Jagna Wright,
The Guardian,
Aug. 29, 2007, the Polish filmmaker quotes 1.7 million; Jozef Gebski (dir.),
From Archipelago Gulag to America
, Part 3,
Valley of Tears,
documentary film, Hoover Institute, Stanford, Calif, quotes 1.5 million Poles sent into the Gulag.

21
William L. White,
Report on the Russians
(London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1945), 113.

22
Jerzy Gliksman,
Tell the West
(New York: National Committee for a Free Europe, 1948), 22-23.

23
Brian Moynahan,
The Russian Century: A Photographic History of Russia’s 100 Years
(New York: Random House, 1994), 184.

24
Henry Morgenthau, Jr., The Presidential Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (1938-1945), FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

25
711.61.7431/4, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

26
“Radio Address by Comrade V. M. Molotov,” June 27, 1941,
Moscow News.

27
Antonov-Ovseyenko,
The Time of Stalin,
183.

28
Felix Chuev (ed.),
Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics; Conversations with Felix Chuev
(Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1993), 295-96.

29
Erskine Caldwell,
All-Out on the Road to Smolensk
(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1942), 20-22.

30
Roy Medvedev,
Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,
trans. Colleen Taylor (London: Spokesman, 1976), 458.

31
Stepan Anastasovich Mikoyan,
Stepan Anastasovich Mikoyan: An Autobiography
(Shrewsbury: Airlife, 1999), 107.

32
Alice-Leone Moats,
Blind Date with Mars
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1943), 234; Richard Lourie,
Russia Speaks: An Oral History from the Revolution to the Present
(New York: E. Burlingame, 1991), 218.

33
Moynahan,
The Russian Century,
212.

34
Nightmare in Red,
NBC television film, 1955, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland; Von Herwarth,
Against Two Evils,
198.

35
Robert Robinson,
Black on Red: My Forty-four Years Inside the Soviet Union
(Washington, D.C.: Acropolis, 1988), 161-62.

36
Moats,
Blind Date with Mars,
340-41.

37
Erskine Caldwell,
Moscow Under Fire: A Wartime Diary
(London: Hutchinson, 1942), 40.

38
Benjamin B. Fischer, review of V. S. Khristoforov et al.,
Lubyanka in the Days of the Battle for Moscow: Materials from the Organs of State Security SSR from the Central Archive FSB Russia,
published in
Studies in Intelligence
48, no. 2 (2004); Kravchenko,
I chose Freedom
, 374.

39
Dennis J. Dunn,
Caught Between Roosevelt and Stalin: America’s Ambassadors to Moscow
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1998), 151; Charles Thayer diary, Oct. 15, 1941, Charles Thayer Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.

40
Letter from Elbridge Durbow, Sept. 1946, to Frederick Lyon, Director of Office Controls, Dept. of State, Top Secret Records of the Office of the Amb, 1943-1950, Box 2, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

41
Charles Thayer diary, Nov. 25, 1941, Charles Thayer Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.

42
Records of Consular Section, Moscow Embassy 1941, Box 22, 1941, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

43
361.1121/2-1245 & 361.1121/1-548, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

44
Task Force Russia 36-108, RG 330, National Archives, II, College Park, Maryland.

45
Vadim J. Birstein,
The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2001), 136; 361.113 Oggins, Isaiah, RG59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

46
361.113 Speirer, Edward Henry [
sic
], RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

47
330, Speier, Edward H., Moscow embassy, Records of the Consular Section 1943: 310-621, Box 29, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

48
Moats,
Blind Date with Mars,
433-3; Jozef Gebski (dir.),
From Archipelago Gulag to America,
part 3,
Valley of Tears,
documentary film, Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.

49
383.6 USSR, Army Intelligence Project Decimal File 1941-45, Box 1047, RG 319, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

50
Ekart,
Vanished Without a Trace,
61.

51
Zygmunt Bauman,
Modernity and the Holocaust
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989), 193.

1
Andrei Singyavsky, published under the pseudonym Abram Tertz,
On Socialist Realism,
trans. George Dennis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), 162.

2
General Hugh Johnson, quoted in George N. Crocker,
Roosevelt’s Road to Russia
(Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1959), 32.

3
Hubert P. Van Tuyll,
Feeding the Bear: American Aid to the Soviet Union, 1941-1945
(New York: Greenwood, 1989), 3; Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Aug. 4, 1941, The Presidential Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr., 1938-1945, FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

4
Box 21, Moscow Post 1943, RG 84, and Standley dispatch, Aug. 12, 1943; Moscow Post, 1945, Box 21, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

5
Harry Hopkins, “My Meeting with Stalin,”
The American Magazine,
Dec. 1941.

6
Memo of conversation between Hopkins and Stalin, July 30, 1941, Top Secret General Records 1941- 48, Box 1, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

7
FDR quoted from telegram, Cordell Hull to America Embassy, Moscow, Oct. 2, 1941, 861.404/451 RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

8
Margaret Bourke-White and Erskine Caldwell,
Russia at War
(London: Hutchinson, 1942), 8-14.

9
Margaret Bourke-White,
Shooting the Russian War
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1943), 208-15.

10
Telegram, Bullitt to Moore, Nov. 14, 1936, 361.6121/16, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

11
840.4, Moscow, Dec. 3, 1937, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

12
Received Aug. 11, 1941, State Department, Box 1239, Dec. File 1940-1944, 361.1163, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

13
Letter from M. A. Matthew of the First Presbyterian Church, Seattle, Washington, to Cordell Hull, Sept. 19, 1938, 361.1121 Voroneff, John, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

14
Leopold L. S. Braun,
Religion in Russia: From Lenin to Khrushchev, an Uncensored Account
(Paterson, N.J.: St. Anthony Guild Press, 1959), 46.

15
Arnold Beichman, “Sorting Pieces of the Russian Past,”
Hoover Digest
1 (2003), Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.

16
Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Oct. 28, 1941, The Presidential Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr., 1938-1945, FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

17
John R. Deane,
The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia
(New York: Viking Press, 1947), 93.

18
091.4 USSR 6th Jan 1944, Army Intelligence Project Decimal File 1941-45, Box 1038, RG 319, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

19
Martin J. Bollinger,
Stalin’s Slave Ships: Kolyma, the Gulag Fleet, and the Role of the West
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), 60-61, 89.

20
Varlam Shalamov,
Kolyma Tales,
trans. John Glad (New York: Norton, 1980), 173-74.

21
Thomas Sgovio,
Dear America
(Kenmore, N.Y.: Partners’ Press, 1979), 212.

22
Elinor Lipper,
Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps
(London: Hollis and Carter, 1951), 129.

23
Shalamov,
Kolyma Tales,
175-76.

24
Ibid., 178-80.

25
Goebbels’ diary quoted from Roy Medvedev,
Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,
trans. Colleen Taylor (London: Spokesman, 1976), 395.

26
Sgovio,
Dear America,
201-3.

27
Ibid., 204-9.

28
Thomas Sgovio interview with George Kovacs, tapes courtesy of David Elkind, LiveWire Media, San Francisco; Sgovio,
Dear America,
214.

29
Thomas Sgovio interview with George Kovacs.

30
Chuck Hawley, “Man Recalls Ordeal of Slave Labor Treatment,”
The Arizona Republic,
June 28, 1995.

31
Thomas Sgovio interview with George Kovacs.

32
Ibid.

33
Meyer Galler,
Soviet Prison Camp Speech: A Survivor’s Glossary Supplement
(Hayward, Calif.: Soviet Studies, 1977); Sgovio,
Dear America,
213; Victor Herman,
Coming Out of the Ice: An Unexpected Life
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), 249-56.

34
Ibid., 259-63.

35
Shalamov,
Kolyma Tales,
68; Herman,
Coming Out of the Ice,
268.

36
Mayme Sevander,
Red Exodus: Finnish-American Emigration to Russia
(Duluth, Minn.: Oscat, 1993), 168-70; Herman,
Coming Out of the Ice,
276-77.

37
Herman,
Coming Out of the Ice,
284-85.

38
Lipper,
Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps,
266; Suzanne Massie, “Why Are We Always Wrong About Russia?” World Affairs Council of Washington, D.C., May 16, 2001; Eugenia Ginzburg,
Within the Whirlwind,
trans. Ian Boland (London: Collins Harvill, 1981), 31; Lipper,
Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps,
267; Robert Conquest,
Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps
(London: Macmillan, 1978), 206.

1
Quoted from Arthur Koestler,
Darkness at Noon
(New York: Macmillan, 1941), 241.

2
Henry Morgenthau, Jr., October 1933, The Presidential Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr., 1933-1939, FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

3
Mark O. Hatfield, with the Senate Historical Office,
Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789-1993
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), 399-406.

4
Elliott Roosevelt and James Brough,
A Rendezvous with Destiny: The Roosevelts of the White House
(London: W. H.Allen, 1975), 137.

5
Henry Wallace, Columbia University Oral History Collection, interview with Dean Albertson, Nov. 1950-May 1951, 1301, Columbia University, New York.

6
Norman D. Markowitz,
The Rise and Fall of the People’s Century: Henry A. Wallace and American Liberalism, 1941-1948
(New York: Free Press, 1973), 46-49.

7
Lee Hays and Pete Seeger, “Plough Under,” 1941.

8
Markowitz,
The Rise and Fall of the People’s Century,
169.

9
Charles Lindbergh,
The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 538, 546-47. Most politicians kept such opinions to themselves. The wartime administrator Leo Crowley explained privately in conversation with Henry Morgenthau that Franklin Roosevelt had “for no apparent reason” launched into a lecture:
“Leo, you know this is a Protestant country, and the Catholics and the Jews are here on sufferance . . . It is up to both of you to go along with anything that I want at this time.”
The president then asked Crowley if American Catholics would be opposed to having him send U.S. troops to Russia, to which Crowley replied, “The Catholics will not feel any differently about this than any other citizen.” Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Jan. 27, 1942, The Presidential Diaries of Henry Morganthau, Jr., 1938-1945, FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

10
Markowitz,
The Rise and Fall of the People’s Century,
165.

11
Eleanor Roosevelt,
This I Remember
(New York: Harper and Row, 1949), 199.

12
George R. Jordan,
From Major Jordan’s Diaries
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1952), 30. 13. Henry Wallace diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.; Hubert P. Van Tuyll,
Feeding the Bear: American Aid to the Soviet Union, 1941-1945
(New York: Greenwood, 1989), 32; Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
(New York: Harper, 1948), 566.

14
Henry A. Wallace, with Andrew Steiger,
Soviet Asia Mission
(New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1946), 30.

15
Henry Wallace diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.; Wallace, with Steiger,
Soviet Asia Mission,
20.

16
March 13, 1944, Henry Wallace diary, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

17
Owen Lattimore,
Pacific Affairs,
Sept. 1938; quoted from Robert Conquest,
The Great Terror: A Reassessment
(London: Hutchinson, 1990), 468.

18
June 3, 1942, Henry Wallace diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

19
Memorial Society, Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History, State Archive of the Russian Federation, N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin,
Who Headed the NKVD, 1934-1941,
ed. N. G. Okhotin and A. B. Roginskii (Moscow: 1999).

20
Henry Wallace diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

21
Folder 5, Transcript of Journal 12, Box 57, Owen Lattimore Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

22
Wallace, with Steiger.
Soviet Asia Mission, 33
.

23
Owen Lattimore, “The New Road to Asia,”
National Geographic
magazine, Dec. 1944.

24
Ibid.

25
Folder 5, Transcript of Journal 12, Box 57, Owen Lattimore Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

26
Wallace, with Steiger,
Soviet Asia Mission
, 120-21.

27
Ibid., 35-36; Henry Wallace diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

28
Folder 5, Transcript of Journal 12, Box 57, Owen Lattimore Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.; John N. Hazard,
Recollections of a Pioneering Sovietologist
(New York: Oceana, 1987), 89.

29
May 25 1944, Henry Wallace diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

30
Methodology from Raul Hilberg,
Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders
(New York: Aaron Asher, 1992).

31
Elinor Lipper,
Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps
(London: Hollis and Carter, 1951), 268.

32
Wallace, with Steiger,
Soviet Asia Mission,
120.

33
Hazard,
Recollections of a Pioneering Sovietologist,
89.

34
Lattimore, “
The New Road to Asia.
”

35
Lipper,
Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps,
267-68.

36
Thomas Sgovio,
Dear America
(Kenmore, N.Y.: Partners’ Press, 1979), 250-51

37
Wallace, with Steiger,
Soviet Asia Mission,
34.

38
Box 8, Entry 68A5159, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

39
Ibid.; Lipper,
Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps,
113; Wallace, with Steiger,
Soviet Asia Mission,
127-28.

40
Lattimore, “
The New Road to Asia.
”

41
Owen Lattimore, “Soviet Siberia and Central Asia: America’s New Gateway to Asia, Scenes from Vice President Wallace’s Journey to China, Soviet Asia, 1944,” Nail-111-LC-46072, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

42
“Summary of Political Maneuvering,” Henry Wallace diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

43
Paramount News, July 26, 1944, 200-PN-3.95, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland, Markowitz,
The Rise and Fall of the People’s Century,
111.

44
Henry Wallace diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

45
Markowitz,
The Rise and Fall of the People’s Century,
91.