The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia (66 page)

1
Memo of a conversation between Franklin Roosevelt and Henry Morgenthau, May 15, 1942, The Presidential Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr., 1938-1945, 1093, FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y., quoted from Warren F. Kimball,
The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), 7.

2
Thomas Sgovio,
Dear America
(Kenmore, N.Y.: Partners’ Press, 1979), 245.

3
Ibid., 249-50.

4
Ibid., 245.

5
Roy Medvedev,
Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,
trans. Colleen Taylor (London: Spokesman, 1976), 524.

6
Sgovio,
Dear America,
239-40.

7
Thomas Sgovio interview with George Kovacs, tapes courtesy of David Elkind, LiveWire Media, San Francisco.

8
Silvester Mora,
Kolyma: Gold and Forced Labor in the USSR
(Washington, D.C.: Foundation for Foreign Affairs, 1949), 10.

9
Sgovio,
Dear America,
240-41.

10
Alyce Alex, 261.0022/9-656, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

11
Eddy Gilmore,
Me and My Russian Wife
(London: Foulsham, 1956), 215-16.

12
William L. White,
Report on the Russians
(London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1945), 89.

13
Wallace Carroll,
We’re in This with Russia
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942), 79.

14
Gilmore,
Me and My Russian Wife,
159.

15
Howard Koch,
As Time Goes By: Memoirs of a Writer
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), 101-2.

16
AVPRF, fond 6, op 5, p. 9, d.337, ll. 57, 60, 61, from Diane P. Koenker and Ronald D. Bachman (eds.),
Revelations from the Russian Archives: Documents in English Translation
(Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1997), 649.

17
Elizabeth Kimball MacLean,
Joseph E. Davies: Envoy to the Soviets
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1992), 106.

18
May 20, 1944, Joseph Davies diary, Joseph Davies Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

19
Telegrams maintained by Ambassador W. Averell Harriman, 1944-45, Box 2, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

20
361.1121/17A, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

21
Ambassador Harriman telegram, secret dispatch to secretary of state, March 24, 1944, 124.613/1458, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

22
124.613/1487, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

23
John F. Melby Oral History Interview, Nov. 7, 1986, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.

24
Moscow Post 1944, Box 47, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland; Robert Pickens Meikeljohn World War II diary, Box 211, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

25
John R. Deane,
The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia
(New York: Viking Press, 1947), 58-59.

26
Kathleen Harriman letter, June 9, 1944, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

27
Box 19, Moscow Post 1943, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

28
Homer Smith,
Black Man in Red Russia
(Chicago: Johnson, 1964), 161-63.

29
Averell Harriman to Roosevelt, Jan. 25, 1944, W. A. Harriman Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

30
President Secretary’s File (PSF) Safe Files: GB diplomatic files—Box 37, Churchill, Winston: 1943 Index, Churchill-FDR, Aug. 13, 1943; FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y. Another document marked “top secret” was delivered by the KGB chief Alexander Shelepin to Nikita Khrushchev in March 1959, which confirmed that
“21,857 person were shot, out of them 4, 421 in the Katyn Forest (District of Smolensk), 3820 persons in the camp of Starobelsk close to Kharkov, 6,311 persons in the camp of Ostashkovo (District of Kalinin), and 7305 persons were shot in other camps and prisons of the Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia.”
Wojciech Materski (ed.),
Katyn: Documents of Genocide: Documents and Material from the Soviet Archives Turned Over to Poland on October 14, 1992
(Warsaw: Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1993), 27.

31
Materski (ed.),
Katyn: Documents of Genocide,
18-23.

32
William Bullitt, “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace,”
Life
magazine, Aug. 30, 1948, 94.

33
Feb. 12, 1946, conversation between William Bullitt and Henry Wallace, from Henry Wallace Diary, Henry Wallace Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

34
Robert Pickens Meikeljohn diary, Box 211, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

35
Memorandum of Conference, 3:00 P.M., Nov. 28, 1943, Teheran, Harriman File, “Conferences Teheran Official Record,” Box 187, Harriman Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

36
Valentin Berezhkov interview, June 23, 1997, Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.

37
Ibid.

38
Gary Kern, “How ‘Uncle Joe’ Bugged FDR,”
Studies in Intelligence
47, no. 1, 2003.

39
Memo, Dinner, Nov. 29, 1943, 8:30 P.M., Harriman File, “Conferences Teheran Official Record,” Box 187, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.; Winston Churchill,
The Second World War,
vol. 5,
Closing The Ring,
(London: Penguin, 2005), 330.

40
Dec. 25, 1943,
New York Times,
quoted from Kern, “How ‘Uncle Joe’ Bugged FDR.”

41
Eleanor Roosevelt,
This I Remember
(New York: Harper and Row, 1949), 247.

42
Deane,
The Strange Alliance,
160; Yalta conference newsreel, Department of Defense, 342-USAF- 24228, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

43
Winston Churchill,
The Second World War,
vol. 6,
Triumph and Tragedy
, (London: Penguin, 2005), 316.

44
Ibid., 308.

45
Ibid., 333-36.

46
Winston Churchill,
The Second World War,
vol. 4,
The Hinge of Fate
, (London: Cassell, 1951), 447-48.

47
Martin Gilbert,
Churchill: A Life
(London: Heinnemann, 1991), 819.

48
Kern, “How ‘Uncle Joe’ Bugged FDR”; Edmund Stevens,
This Is Russia Uncensored
(New York: Didier, 1950), 97; Eva Troyer letter dated Feb. 10, 1938, Enclosure No. 1 to Dispatch No. 1128 of Feb. 1938, from the American Legation, Riga, Latvia, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

49
Alexander Kirk, quoted from William C. Bullitt,
For the President, Personal and Secret: Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt,
ed. Orville H. Bullitt (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 611.

50
Henry Morgenthau, Jr., April 11, 1945, The Presidential Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr., 1938-1945
,
FDR Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

51
Elizabeth Shoumatoff,
FDR’s Unfinished Portrait
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990), 116-18; Irwin F. Gellman,
Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles
(Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 375.

52
James Forrestal,
The Forrestal Diaries: The Inner History of the Cold War,
ed. Walter Millis (London: Cassell, 1952), 58-59.

53
Walter Bedell Smith,
Moscow Mission, 1946-49
(London: Heinemann, 1950), 38.

54
“Gift from Stalin: Horses, 1945-49,” Box 205, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

1
Varlam Shalamov,
Graphite,
trans. John Glad (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 131.

2
George Kennan,
Memoirs: 1925-1950
(London: Hutchison, 1967), 242.

3
800-USSR, Nov. 15, 1945, Box 81, Moscow Post 1945, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

4
Eugenia Ginzburg,
Within the Whirlwind,
trans. Ian Boland (London: Collins-Harvill, 1981), 139.

5
Kolya Voinov,
Outlaw: The Autobiography of a Soviet Waif
(London: Harvill Press, 1955), 238; Louis Fischer (ed.),
Thirteen Who Fled: Thirteen Essays by Refugees from Soviet Russia
(New York: Harper, 1949), 14.

6
Kolya Voinov,
Outlaw,
240.

7
I. Shcherbakova, “How Buchenwald became the NKVD’s torture chamber,”
Moscow News,
June 4, 1993, from Edwin Bacon,
The Gulag at War: Stalin’s Forced Labour System in the Light of the Archives
(Basingstoke: Macmillan, Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, 1994), 14.

8
John Noble,
I Was a Slave in Russia: An American Tells His Story
(London: Brown Watson, 1963), 32.

9
Ibid., 58-59; seven thousand deaths quoted in CNN
Cold War
series, episode 1, “Comrades,” broadcast Sept. 27, 1998; 12,500 deaths quoted in Stephen Kinzer, “Germans Find Mass Graves at an Ex-Soviet Camp,”
New York Times,
Sept. 24, 1992.

10
Noble,
I Was a Slave in Russia,
76-94.

11
361.1121 Rusinek, Mieczyslaw/2-1147, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

12
Moscow Embassy Confidential File 1948, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

13
Nikolai Tolstoy, “Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal,”
Imprimis
magazine, Dec. 1988.

14
Letter from Norman Dacey, former psychological-warfare operations officer at SHAEF, Oct. 3, 1952, to State Department. 611.6124/10-352, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

15
Earl F. Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944-1946
(Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1975), 415.

16
335.11 USSR, Army Intelligence Project Decimal File 1941-1945, Box 1041, RG 319, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

17
Alexander Solzhenitsyn,
The Gulag Archipelago, 1919-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation,
vol. 1, trans. Thomas P. Whitney (London: Collins/Fontana, 1976), 259.

18
Tolstoy, “Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union.”

19
Roy Medvedev,
Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,
trans. Colleen Taylor (London: Spokesman, 1976), 468.

20
Varlam Shalamov,
Kolyma Tales,
trans. John Glad (New York: Norton, 1980), 89-103; Robert Conquest,
Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps
(London: Macmillan, 1978), 154-58.

21
Thomas Sgovio,
Dear America
(Kenmore, N.Y.: Partners’ Press, 1979), 247.

22
Shalamov,
Graphite,
250.

23
Thomas Sgovio,
Dear America,
176-77.

24
Homer Smith,
Black Man in Red Russia
(Chicago: Johnson, 1964), 173-79.

25
Telegram of Elbridge Durbrow to Secretary of State, top secret, Oct. 26-29, 1946, Moscow, 361.1115/10- 2646, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

26
George Kennan memo: “Transmitting Report on Soviet Treatment of Americans Citizens,” Moscow, Nov. 14, 1945, Harriman File “Nov. 8-14, 1945,” Box 184, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington, D.C.

27
879.6 Top Secret General Records 1941-8, Box 1, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

28
James Forrestal,
The Forrestal Diaries: The Inner History of the Cold War,
ed. Walter Millis (London: Cassell, 1952), 142-46.

1
Eugenia Ginzburg,
Within the Whirlwind,
trans. Ian Boland (London: Collins-Harvill, 1981), 161.

2
Thomas Sgovio,
Dear America
(Kenmore, N.Y.: Partners’ Press, 1979), 253-54.

3
Sgovio,
Dear America,
253-54.

4
Ginzburg,
Within the Whirlwind,
206-7.

5
Sgovio,
Dear America,
260-61.

6
Ibid., 263-64.

7
Ibid., 265-67.

8
Ibid., 268-70.

9
Ibid., 269.

10
Ibid., 274.

11
Ibid., 275.

12
Alexander Solzhenitsyn,
The Gulag Archipelago, 1919-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation,
Vol. 1, trans. Thomas P. Whitney (London: Collins/Fontana, 1976), 91.

13
Ginzburg,
Within the Whirlwind,
279.

14
124.612 and 124.613/12-1845, State Department Decimal File 1945-9, Box 1160, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

15
Telegram from Byrnes, SecState to AmEmbassy, May 23, 1946, 361.11/11-1445. RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

16
261.1111/3-1556, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

17
Alexander Dolgun, with Patrick Watson,
Alexander Dolgun’s Story: An American in the Gulag
(London: Collins/Harvill, 1975), 12.

18
124.613/8-249 and 124.613/1-1849, State Department Decimal File 1945-9, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

19
Dolgun, with Watson,
Alexander Dolgun’s Story,
30.

20
Ibid., 30-129.

21
Ibid., 163-77.

22
Letter from Professor Yakov Etinger, published in Moscow
Nezavisimaya Gazeta,
May 14, 1992, 8, from Theodore Karasik Collection, Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.

23
“Treatment of American Citizens in USSR,” 361.1115/1-1249, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

24
Letter from Walter Bedell Smith to James W. Riddleberger, Office of the U.S. Political Adviser, Berlin, Feb. 20, 1948, Moscow Embassy Confidential File, 1948: 1201.1-811.11, Box 128, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

25
Sgovio,
Dear America,
270-71.

26
May 18, 1943, 124.613/1377, RG 59, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland; Moscow Post 1941-2, Box 13, RG 84, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland; Sgovio,
Dear America,
270.

27
Sgovio,
Dear America,
275.

28
Ibid., 277.

29
Margaret Wettlin,
Fifty Russian Winters: An American Woman’s Life in the Soviet Union
(New York: Pharos, 1992), 143.

30
Ibid., 283.

31
Sgovio,
Dear America,
280-81.

32
New York Daily Worker,
June 30, 1943, and July 8, 1943.

33
David Horowitz,
Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey
(New York: Free Press, 1997), 73-74; Hebert Marshall, “Paul Robeson’s Obituary: The Aftermath,”
Bulletin of the Center for Soviet and East European Studies,
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Illinois (Fall 1976).

34
Interview with Paul Robeson, Jr., Cold War History Project, Episode 6, “Reds,” Nov. 1, 1998, National Security Archive, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.

35
Barry Finger, “Paul Robeson: A Flawed Martyr,”
New Politics
7, no. 1 (Summer 1998).

36
Zhdanov, quoted in René Fuelop-Miller,
The Mind and Face of Bolshevism
(New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 300.

37
Joshua Rubinstein and Vladimir P. Naumov (eds.),
Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), 2-3.

38
Robert Robinson,
Black on Red: My Forty-four Years Inside the Soviet Union
(Washington, D.C.: Acropolis, 1988), 314.

39
Ibid., 317.

40
John Steinbeck,
A Russian Journal
(New York: Viking, 1948), 50-51.

41
John Steinbeck,
The Grapes of Wrath
(London: Penguin, 1992), 206.

42
Ibid., 407.

43
John Steinbeck letter to Bo Beskow, quoted from Elaine Steinbeck and Robert Wallsten (eds.),
Steinbeck: A Life in Letters
(London: Heinemann, 1975), 403.

44
William L. White,
Report on the Russians
(London: Ayre and Spottiswoode, 1945), 53.

45
Sgovio,
Dear America,
282.

46
Victor Herman,
Coming Out of the Ice: An Unexpected Life
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), 286.

47
Ibid., 291-329.

48
Ibid., 5-6.