The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (60 page)
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19
GV, 43; RC, 41.
GV, 43; RC, 41.
20
GV, 43.
GV, 43.
21
RC, 41.
RC, 41.
22
GV, 43.
GV, 43.
23
DBH,
Sources,
251.
DBH,
Sources,
251.
24
GV, 44.
GV, 44.
25
GV, 44.
GV, 44.
26
Phillips,
Second Crusade.
Phillips,
Second Crusade.
27
RC, 42.
RC, 42.
28
RC, 42.
RC, 42.
29
The treaties are reproduced in: Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 386, 396.
The treaties are reproduced in: Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 386, 396.
30
DBH,
Sources,
250—1.
DBH,
Sources,
250—1.
31
Innocent III,
Sources,
43;
Gesta Innocenti,
translated in:
Sources,
44.
Innocent III,
Sources,
43;
Gesta Innocenti,
translated in:
Sources,
44.
32
GV, 48.
GV, 48.
33
RC, 44.
RC, 44.
34
GV, 48.
GV, 48.
35
Peter of Vaux-Cernay,
History of the Albigensian Crusade,
58.
Peter of Vaux-Cernay,
History of the Albigensian Crusade,
58.
36
France,
Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades,
117—20; Bradbury,
Medieval
Siege, 254—70.
France,
Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades,
117—20; Bradbury,
Medieval
Siege, 254—70.
37
DC,
Sources,
215.
DC,
Sources,
215.
38
Conquest of Lisbon,
143, 145. A cubit is a medieval measurement equivalent to a forearm.
Conquest of Lisbon,
143, 145. A cubit is a medieval measurement equivalent to a forearm.
39
DBH,
Sources,
251.
DBH,
Sources,
251.
40
GP, 80; Innocent III,
Sources,
43.
GP, 80; Innocent III,
Sources,
43.
41
Innocent III,
Sources,
129.
Innocent III,
Sources,
129.
42
GP, 78—9.
GP, 78—9.
43
GP, 78.
GP, 78.
44
GP, 79.
GP, 79.
45
DC,
Sources,
215.
DC,
Sources,
215.
46
GV, 49.
GV, 49.
47
RC, 44.
RC, 44.
48
Innocent III,
Sources,
41.
Innocent III,
Sources,
41.
49
Innocent III,
Sources,
42—3.
Innocent III,
Sources,
42—3.
50
Innocent III,
Sources,
43.
Innocent III,
Sources,
43.
1
GV, 50.
GV, 50.
2
GP, 90.
GP, 90.
3
GV, 50.
GV, 50.
4
GV, 51.
GV, 51.
5
GV, 51.
GV, 51.
6
GV, 51.
GV, 51.
7
Innocent III, Sources, 35.
Innocent III, Sources, 35.
8
RC, 45.
RC, 45.
9
RC, 59, 66.
RC, 59, 66.
10
GP, 91.
GP, 91.
11
For this complex subject, see: Nicol,
Byzantium
and
Venice,
50—123; Martin, ‘Venetians in the Byzantine Empire before 1204’; Madden, ‘Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172: Enrico Dandolo’s attitudes towards Byzantium’; Angold,
Byzantine Empire, 226—33.
For this complex subject, see: Nicol,
Byzantium
and
Venice,
50—123; Martin, ‘Venetians in the Byzantine Empire before 1204’; Madden, ‘Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172: Enrico Dandolo’s attitudes towards Byzantium’; Angold,
Byzantine Empire, 226—33.
12
Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 179—203, 206—11.
Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 179—203, 206—11.
13
GP, 91.
GP, 91.
14
GV, 51; RC, 66.
GV, 51; RC, 66.
15
RC, 66.
RC, 66.
16
GV, 51.
GV, 51.
17
GV, 52.
GV, 52.
18
Longnon,
Les compagnons
de
Villehardouin,
114—15.
Longnon,
Les compagnons
de
Villehardouin,
114—15.
19
GV, 52.
GV, 52.
20
GV, 52—3; Longnon,
Les compagnons de Villehardouin,
149—50.
GV, 52—3; Longnon,
Les compagnons de Villehardouin,
149—50.
21
Innocent III,
Sources,
48.
Innocent III,
Sources,
48.
22
Innocent III,
Sources,
52—4.
Innocent III,
Sources,
52—4.
23
Innocent III,
Sources,
54—7.
Innocent III,
Sources,
54—7.
24
Innocent III,
Sources,
57—9.
Innocent III,
Sources,
57—9.
25
DBH,
Sources,
253.
DBH,
Sources,
253.
26
Hugh of Saint-Pol’s Letter,
Sources,
188.
Hugh of Saint-Pol’s Letter,
Sources,
188.
27
Hugh of Saint-Pol’s Letter,
Sources,
189.
Hugh of Saint-Pol’s Letter,
Sources,
189.
28
GV, 55.
GV, 55.
29
GV, 55.
GV, 55.
30
GV, 56.
GV, 56.
31
DBH,
Sources,
254.
DBH,
Sources,
254.
1
GV, 57.
GV, 57.
2
GV, 57.
GV, 57.
3
GY 57
GY 57
4
GV, 58.
GV, 58.
5
Pryor, ‘Winds, Waves and Rocks: the Routes and the Perils Along Them’, 85.
Pryor, ‘Winds, Waves and Rocks: the Routes and the Perils Along Them’, 85.
6
GV, 58.
GV, 58.
7
Jacoby, ‘La population de Constantinople à l’époque Byzantine: Un problème de démographie urbaine‘, 107.
Jacoby, ‘La population de Constantinople à l’époque Byzantine: Un problème de démographie urbaine‘, 107.
8
GV, 58—9.
GV, 58—9.
9
RC, 67.
RC, 67.
10
Alexander, ‘The Strength of Empire and Capital as Seen Through Byzantine Eyes’, 345.
Alexander, ‘The Strength of Empire and Capital as Seen Through Byzantine Eyes’, 345.
11
Baynes, ‘The Supernatural Defenders of Constantinople’.
Baynes, ‘The Supernatural Defenders of Constantinople’.
12
Van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople,
4.
Van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople,
4.
13
Sarris, ‘The Eastern Empire from Constantine to Heraclius (306—641)’, 21.
Sarris, ‘The Eastern Empire from Constantine to Heraclius (306—641)’, 21.
14
For a full discussion of all these interpretations, see: Angold, ‘Road to 1204: the Byzantine background to the Fourth Crusade’.
For a full discussion of all these interpretations, see: Angold, ‘Road to 1204: the Byzantine background to the Fourth Crusade’.
15
Van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople,
40—58.
Van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople,
40—58.
16
Van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople,
59—73.
Van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople,
59—73.
17
RC, 108—9.
RC, 108—9.
18
Mango, ‘Constantinople’, 66.
Mango, ‘Constantinople’, 66.
19
NC, 358.
NC, 358.
20
Magdalino, ‘Manuel Komnenos and the Great Palace’, 101—14; Van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople,
284.
Magdalino, ‘Manuel Komnenos and the Great Palace’, 101—14; Van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople,
284.
21
William of Tyre, History, II, 381—2.
William of Tyre, History, II, 381—2.
22
RC, 103.
RC, 103.
23
Nicholas Mesarites, translation from: Mango,
Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312—1453,
229.
Nicholas Mesarites, translation from: Mango,
Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312—1453,
229.
24
Maguire, ‘Medieval Floors of the Great Palace’.
Maguire, ‘Medieval Floors of the Great Palace’.
25
Benjamin of Tudela,
Itinerary,
70—1; NC, 160; Magdalino,
Manuel
I
Komnenos,
111.
Benjamin of Tudela,
Itinerary,
70—1; NC, 160; Magdalino,
Manuel
I
Komnenos,
111.
26
RC, 107.
RC, 107.
27
Many books have been written on the Hagia Sophia. See particularly: Mainstone,
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church.
Many books have been written on the Hagia Sophia. See particularly: Mainstone,
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church.
28
Mango,
Art of the Byzantine Empire,
74—5.
Mango,
Art of the Byzantine Empire,
74—5.
29
RC, 106.
RC, 106.
30
Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, ‘Chronicle’, Sources, 298.
Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, ‘Chronicle’, Sources, 298.
31
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of
Louis VII, 65—7
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of
Louis VII, 65—7
32
RC, 108.
RC, 108.
33
Ousterhout, Architecture, Art and Komnenian Ideology at the Pantokrator Monastery’,
Byzantine Constantinople,
133—50; Megaw, ‘Notes on Recent Work of the Byzantine Institute in Istanbul’, 333—64.
Ousterhout, Architecture, Art and Komnenian Ideology at the Pantokrator Monastery’,
Byzantine Constantinople,
133—50; Megaw, ‘Notes on Recent Work of the Byzantine Institute in Istanbul’, 333—64.
34
For details of the running of the hospital, see:
Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents,
II, 725—74.
For details of the running of the hospital, see:
Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents,
II, 725—74.
35
Phillips,
Crusades, 1095-1197,
58.
Phillips,
Crusades, 1095-1197,
58.
36
Mango, ‘Three Imperial Byzantine Sarcophagi’, 397—404.
Mango, ‘Three Imperial Byzantine Sarcophagi’, 397—404.
37
Runciman, ‘Blachernae Palace and Its Decoration’, 277-83.
Runciman, ‘Blachernae Palace and Its Decoration’, 277-83.
38
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII,
65.
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII,
65.
39
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 450.
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 450.
40
Benjamin of Tudela,
Itinerary,
72.
Benjamin of Tudela,
Itinerary,
72.
41
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII,
65.
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII,
65.
42
Cited by Magdalino,
Manuel I Komnenos,
121.
Cited by Magdalino,
Manuel I Komnenos,
121.
43
NC, 132.
NC, 132.
44
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
285.
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
285.
45
NC, 296.
NC, 296.
46
NC, 296—7.
NC, 296—7.
47
Innocent III,
Sources,
35—8.
Innocent III,
Sources,
35—8.
48
William of Tyre, History, II, 361.
William of Tyre, History, II, 361.
49
Pryor notes that, given the Venetians’ knowledge of the weakness of the Byzantine navy, if Constantinople was always the planned target for the crusade, then the provision of 50 war galleys was superfluous. By contrast, the Egyptian navy was known to be more of a danger, hence the provision of war galleys to fight them. This is further proof that the crusade intended to go to Egypt from its inception. Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade’, 108—11, 119—22. See also Sesan, ‘La flotte Byzantine à l’époque des Comnenes et des Anges’.
Pryor notes that, given the Venetians’ knowledge of the weakness of the Byzantine navy, if Constantinople was always the planned target for the crusade, then the provision of 50 war galleys was superfluous. By contrast, the Egyptian navy was known to be more of a danger, hence the provision of war galleys to fight them. This is further proof that the crusade intended to go to Egypt from its inception. Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade’, 108—11, 119—22. See also Sesan, ‘La flotte Byzantine à l’époque des Comnenes et des Anges’.
50
Birkenmeier,
The Development of the Komnenian Army, 1081-1180,
231—5.
Birkenmeier,
The Development of the Komnenian Army, 1081-1180,
231—5.
51
Benjamin of Tudela,
Travels,
71.
Benjamin of Tudela,
Travels,
71.
52
For the expedition of King Sigurd, see: Snorri Sturlusson,
Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway,
689—99; for the Varangian guard, see: Birkenmeier,
Development of the Komnenian Army,
62—6, 90—7.
For the expedition of King Sigurd, see: Snorri Sturlusson,
Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway,
689—99; for the Varangian guard, see: Birkenmeier,
Development of the Komnenian Army,
62—6, 90—7.
53
Innocent III,
Sources,
82.
Innocent III,
Sources,
82.
54
Cheyet, ‘Les effectifs de l‘armée byzantine aux x-xii s.’, 333.
Cheyet, ‘Les effectifs de l‘armée byzantine aux x-xii s.’, 333.
55
GV, 59.
GV, 59.
56
GV, 59.
GV, 59.
57
Stephenson, ‘Anna Comnena’s
Alexiad
as a source for the Second Crusade’, 41—54.
Stephenson, ‘Anna Comnena’s
Alexiad
as a source for the Second Crusade’, 41—54.
58
GV, 60.
GV, 60.
1
Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Sources,
190.
Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Sources,
190.
2
GV, 63.
GV, 63.
3
GV, 63.
GV, 63.
4
RC, 67.
RC, 67.
5
Innocent III,
Sources,
81.
Innocent III,
Sources,
81.
6
Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Sources,
190.
Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Sources,
190.
7
GV,64.
GV,64.
8
RC, 67.
RC, 67.
9
GV, 64.
GV, 64.
10
Innocent III,
Sources,
82.
Innocent III,
Sources,
82.
11
This had become very apparent during the First Crusade. See France,
Victory in the East,
369—73.
This had become very apparent during the First Crusade. See France,
Victory in the East,
369—73.
12
GV, 65.
GV, 65.
13
RC, 68.
RC, 68.
14
RC, 68.
RC, 68.
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