The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (58 page)
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Authors: Jonathan Phillips
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11
Innocent III,
Sources,
10—11.
Innocent III,
Sources,
10—11.
12
Innocent III,
Sources,
12.
Innocent III,
Sources,
12.
13
Innocent III,
Sources,
14.
Innocent III,
Sources,
14.
14
On this papal appeal, see also: Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
80—5.
On this papal appeal, see also: Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
80—5.
15
Gillingham,
Richard I
, 316.
Gillingham,
Richard I
, 316.
16
There is an excellent translation of the first 10,000 lines of the History. See:
History of William Marshal,
ed. Holden, tr. Gregory. The remainder of the text is forthcoming.
There is an excellent translation of the first 10,000 lines of the History. See:
History of William Marshal,
ed. Holden, tr. Gregory. The remainder of the text is forthcoming.
17
Translations from: Crosland,
William the Marshal,
78—81. For William’s life see: Crouch,
William Marshal;
for this period of Richard’s reign, see: Gillingham,
Richard I,
318-20.
Translations from: Crosland,
William the Marshal,
78—81. For William’s life see: Crouch,
William Marshal;
for this period of Richard’s reign, see: Gillingham,
Richard I,
318-20.
18
Gillingham,
Richard I,
323—5.
Gillingham,
Richard I,
323—5.
19
The most accessible modern account of Philip’s life is: Bradbury,
Philip Augustus;
for his marital difficulties, see 173-94.
The most accessible modern account of Philip’s life is: Bradbury,
Philip Augustus;
for his marital difficulties, see 173-94.
20
Joinville,
Life of Saint Louis,
196.
Joinville,
Life of Saint Louis,
196.
21
France, ‘Patronage and the First Crusade’.
France, ‘Patronage and the First Crusade’.
22
Riley-Smith, ‘Casualties and Knights on the First Crusade’, 17—19; Phillips,
Second Crusade.
Riley-Smith, ‘Casualties and Knights on the First Crusade’, 17—19; Phillips,
Second Crusade.
23
Fulcher of Chartres,
History of the Expedition to Jerusalem,
85.
Fulcher of Chartres,
History of the Expedition to Jerusalem,
85.
24
Albert of Aachen,
Historia,
329.
Albert of Aachen,
Historia,
329.
25
Raymond of Aguilers, in: Peters,
First Crusade,
212—13.
Raymond of Aguilers, in: Peters,
First Crusade,
212—13.
26
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII,
123.
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII,
123.
27
Guibert of Nogent,
The Deeds of the Franks,
165. For the subject of crusader captives in general, see: Friedman,
Encounters between Enemies.
Guibert of Nogent,
The Deeds of the Franks,
165. For the subject of crusader captives in general, see: Friedman,
Encounters between Enemies.
28
Gesta Francorum,
3-4.
Gesta Francorum,
3-4.
29
Gesta Francorum
, 89.
Gesta Francorum
, 89.
30
Gesta Francorum,
62.
Gesta Francorum,
62.
31
Chronicle of the Third Crusade,
232-3.
Chronicle of the Third Crusade,
232-3.
32
Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History,
V, 17.
Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History,
V, 17.
33
For Raymond and Eleanor, see: William of Tyre,
History,
II, 179-81. For women as guardians of property, see: Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders,
135-43.
For Raymond and Eleanor, see: William of Tyre,
History,
II, 179-81. For women as guardians of property, see: Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders,
135-43.
34
Chronicle of the Third Crusade,
48.
Chronicle of the Third Crusade,
48.
35
Gerald of Wales,
Journey through Wales,
76.
Gerald of Wales,
Journey through Wales,
76.
36
Conquest of Lisbon,
73.
Conquest of Lisbon,
73.
37
Peters,
First Crusade, 287-9.
Peters,
First Crusade, 287-9.
38
Cartulaire de I‘abbaye de saint-Père
de
Chartres,
II, 646.
Cartulaire de I‘abbaye de saint-Père
de
Chartres,
II, 646.
39
Fulcher of Chartres,
History of the Expedition to Jerusalem,
139.
Fulcher of Chartres,
History of the Expedition to Jerusalem,
139.
40
Conquest of Lisbon,
131.
Conquest of Lisbon,
131.
41
Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders,
120.
Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders,
120.
42
Robinson,
The Papacy,
1073-1198:
Continuity and Innovation,
336-9.
Robinson,
The Papacy,
1073-1198:
Continuity and Innovation,
336-9.
43
De Hemptinne, ’Les épouses des croisés et pèlerins flamands aux XIe et XIIe siècles’.
De Hemptinne, ’Les épouses des croisés et pèlerins flamands aux XIe et XIIe siècles’.
44
Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Sources,
186—7.
Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Sources,
186—7.
45
William of Malmesbury,
History of the Kings of England,
655.
William of Malmesbury,
History of the Kings of England,
655.
46
Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History,
V, 5.
Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History,
V, 5.
47
Lambert of Ardres,
History,
164—5.
Lambert of Ardres,
History,
164—5.
48
Suger,
Deeds of Louis the Fat,
41.
Suger,
Deeds of Louis the Fat,
41.
49
For Bishop Ortleib, see: Frolow,
Relique de la vraie croix,
349; for Gouffier, see: Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders,
235.
For Bishop Ortleib, see: Frolow,
Relique de la vraie croix,
349; for Gouffier, see: Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders,
235.
50
Odo of Deuil,
The Journey of Louis VII,
115, 123.
Odo of Deuil,
The Journey of Louis VII,
115, 123.
51
Albert of Aachen,
Historia,
626.
Albert of Aachen,
Historia,
626.
52
Herman of Tournai,
The Restoration of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Tournai, 47.
Herman of Tournai,
The Restoration of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Tournai, 47.
53
Suger,
Deeds of Louis the Fat,
40.
Suger,
Deeds of Louis the Fat,
40.
54
See also: Kenaan-Kedar and Kedar, ‘Significance of a Twelfth-Century Sculptural Group’.
See also: Kenaan-Kedar and Kedar, ‘Significance of a Twelfth-Century Sculptural Group’.
1
For Fulk’s career see: O’Brien, ‘Fulk of Neuilly’. Note also: McNeal, ‘Fulk of Neuilly and the Tournament of Ecry’.
For Fulk’s career see: O’Brien, ‘Fulk of Neuilly’. Note also: McNeal, ‘Fulk of Neuilly and the Tournament of Ecry’.
2
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
278-9.
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
278-9.
3
GV, 29.
GV, 29.
4
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
280.
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
280.
5
Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
89—90.
Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
89—90.
6
Maier suggests 3 May as the most likely date for the sermon in ‘Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual’, 101—4.
Maier suggests 3 May as the most likely date for the sermon in ‘Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual’, 101—4.
7
For sermons in general, see: Maier,
Crusade Propaganda and Ideology:
Model
Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross;
Cole,
Preaching the Crusades.
For sermons in general, see: Maier,
Crusade Propaganda and Ideology:
Model
Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross;
Cole,
Preaching the Crusades.
8
There is an excellent translation with a full introduction and analysis of Gunther’s writings in: Gunther of Pairis,
The Capture of Constantinople,
ed. Andrea. For the Basel sermon, see also: Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
92—7; Maier, ‘Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual’.
There is an excellent translation with a full introduction and analysis of Gunther’s writings in: Gunther of Pairis,
The Capture of Constantinople,
ed. Andrea. For the Basel sermon, see also: Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
92—7; Maier, ‘Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual’.
9
Spicher,
Geschichte des Basler Münsters.
Spicher,
Geschichte des Basler Münsters.
10
For a discussion of this with regard to an earlier expedition, see: Phillips, ‘Holy War’, 133-4.
For a discussion of this with regard to an earlier expedition, see: Phillips, ‘Holy War’, 133-4.
11
Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
45.
Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
45.
12
GP, 68.
GP, 68.
13
GP, 69.
GP, 69.
14
Maier, ‘Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual’.
Maier, ‘Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual’.
15
GP, 70. On the True Cross, see also: Riley-Smith,
First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading,
23-5, 31—2, 150—1; Murray, ‘Mighty Against the Enemies of Christ’.
GP, 70. On the True Cross, see also: Riley-Smith,
First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading,
23-5, 31—2, 150—1; Murray, ‘Mighty Against the Enemies of Christ’.
16
For translations of excerpts from Urban’s sermon, see: Riley-Smith,
Crusade: Idea and Reality,
40-3.
For translations of excerpts from Urban’s sermon, see: Riley-Smith,
Crusade: Idea and Reality,
40-3.
17
On the need to atone for sin, see: Bull, ‘Origins’; Bull,
Knightly Piety,
155-249.
On the need to atone for sin, see: Bull, ‘Origins’; Bull,
Knightly Piety,
155-249.
18
GP, 71.
GP, 71.
1
On tournaments generally, see: Keen,
Chivalry,
20-3; Barber and Barber,
Tournaments,
13-27; Strickland,
War and Chivalry,
149-53.
On tournaments generally, see: Keen,
Chivalry,
20-3; Barber and Barber,
Tournaments,
13-27; Strickland,
War and Chivalry,
149-53.
2
Roger of Howden,
Chronica,
II, 166-7. Translated in:
The Annals of Roger of Hoveden,
I, 490.
Roger of Howden,
Chronica,
II, 166-7. Translated in:
The Annals of Roger of Hoveden,
I, 490.
3
History of William Marshal,
I, 309.
History of William Marshal,
I, 309.
4
History of William Marshal,
I, 173.
History of William Marshal,
I, 173.
5
Lambert of Ardres,
History,
126.
Lambert of Ardres,
History,
126.
6
History of William Marshal,
I, 177, 181.
History of William Marshal,
I, 177, 181.
7
Geoffrey of Monmouth,
History of the Kings of Britain,
229.
Geoffrey of Monmouth,
History of the Kings of Britain,
229.
8
Keen,
Chivalry,
21.
Keen,
Chivalry,
21.
9
On the difficult relationship between romantic literature and historical reality, see: Keen,
Chivalry,
102-24; Bouchard,
Strong of Body,
105-9.
On the difficult relationship between romantic literature and historical reality, see: Keen,
Chivalry,
102-24; Bouchard,
Strong of Body,
105-9.
10
Chrétien de Troyes,
Érec et Énide,
63-4.
Chrétien de Troyes,
Érec et Énide,
63-4.
11
History of William Marshal,
I. 175—9.
History of William Marshal,
I. 175—9.
12
Lloyd,
English Society and the Crusade,
199—200.
Lloyd,
English Society and the Crusade,
199—200.
13
Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils,
I, 199-200. This decree of the 1139 Lateran Council reiterated earlier statements from the 1130 Council of Clermont and the 1131 Council of Reims.
Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils,
I, 199-200. This decree of the 1139 Lateran Council reiterated earlier statements from the 1130 Council of Clermont and the 1131 Council of Reims.
14
Keen,
Chivalry,
22. For Flanders, Champagne and the crusades generally, see the references in Phillips,
Defenders.
Keen,
Chivalry,
22. For Flanders, Champagne and the crusades generally, see the references in Phillips,
Defenders.
15
Humbert of Romans,
De predicatione Sancte crucis.
Humbert of Romans,
De predicatione Sancte crucis.
16
Gillingham,
Richard I,
19; Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives,
336.
Gillingham,
Richard I,
19; Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives,
336.
17
Gillingham,
Richard I,
19.
Gillingham,
Richard I,
19.
18
Keen,
Chivalry,
56.
Keen,
Chivalry,
56.
19
GV, 29.
GV, 29.
20
Longnon,
Les compagnons de Villehardouin
, 11—13.
Longnon,
Les compagnons de Villehardouin
, 11—13.
21
Longnon,
Les compagnons de Villehardouin,
79-84.
Longnon,
Les compagnons de Villehardouin,
79-84.
22
GV, 29.
GV, 29.
23
GV, 57.
GV, 57.
24
Morris, ‘Geoffroy de Villehardouin and the Conquest of Constantinople’, 34. For a concise overview of the debate over Villehardouin’s writings, see: Andrea, ‘Essay on Primary Sources’, 299-302; note also Noble, ‘The Importance of Old French Chronicles’. For a remarkably hostile assessment of the text, see: Archambault, ‘Villehardouin: History in Black and White’. For Villehardouin’s treatment of the Champenois contingent, see: Dufournet, ‘Villehardouin et les Champenois dans la Quatrième croisade’.
Morris, ‘Geoffroy de Villehardouin and the Conquest of Constantinople’, 34. For a concise overview of the debate over Villehardouin’s writings, see: Andrea, ‘Essay on Primary Sources’, 299-302; note also Noble, ‘The Importance of Old French Chronicles’. For a remarkably hostile assessment of the text, see: Archambault, ‘Villehardouin: History in Black and White’. For Villehardouin’s treatment of the Champenois contingent, see: Dufournet, ‘Villehardouin et les Champenois dans la Quatrième croisade’.
25
Longnon,
Les compagnons de Villehardouin
, 18, 20, 113.
Longnon,
Les compagnons de Villehardouin
, 18, 20, 113.
26
GV, 30; Wolff, ‘Baldwin of Flanders and Hainault’.
GV, 30; Wolff, ‘Baldwin of Flanders and Hainault’.
27
NC, 328.
NC, 328.
28
GV, 30-1; RC, 32-3. On Robert as a source, see: RC, 3-27, and the comments in Andrea’s ‘Essay on Primary Sources’ in Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
302-3; also Noble, ’The Importance of Old French Chronicles’.
GV, 30-1; RC, 32-3. On Robert as a source, see: RC, 3-27, and the comments in Andrea’s ‘Essay on Primary Sources’ in Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
302-3; also Noble, ’The Importance of Old French Chronicles’.
29
GV, 31.
GV, 31.
30
Conquest of Lisbon,
12—26.
Conquest of Lisbon,
12—26.
31
Pryor,
Geography, Technology and War,
3-4, 36, 51-3.
Pryor,
Geography, Technology and War,
3-4, 36, 51-3.
32
Marshall, ‘The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East, 1096—1104’, 60—79.
Marshall, ‘The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East, 1096—1104’, 60—79.
33
For Genoa, see:
La cattedrale di Genova nel medioevo secoli VI-XIV,
ed. Di Fabrio, 188—91. For Venice, see: Cerbani Cerbani, ‘Translatio mirifici martyris Isidori a Chio insula in civitatem Venetem’, 323—4; Marshall, ‘The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East’.
For Genoa, see:
La cattedrale di Genova nel medioevo secoli VI-XIV,
ed. Di Fabrio, 188—91. For Venice, see: Cerbani Cerbani, ‘Translatio mirifici martyris Isidori a Chio insula in civitatem Venetem’, 323—4; Marshall, ‘The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East’.
34
Caffaro, in: Williams, ‘The Making of a Crusade’, 38—9.
Caffaro, in: Williams, ‘The Making of a Crusade’, 38—9.
35
Ibn Jubayr,
The Travels,
300—1.
Ibn Jubayr,
The Travels,
300—1.
36
Innocent III,
Sources,
22.
Innocent III,
Sources,
22.
37
Innocent III,
Sources,
16.
Innocent III,
Sources,
16.
38
GV, 31.
GV, 31.
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