The Great Influenza (77 page)

'obliterating whole settlements':
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
227.

only a single sailor died:
Crosby,
America's Forgotten Pandemic,
234.

46 percent of the blacks would be attacked:
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
204-5.

the state of Chiapas:
Thomson and Thomson,
Influenza,
v. 9, 165.

attack rate of 33 percent:
'Rio de Janeiro Letter,'
JAMA
72 no. 21, May 24, 1919, 1555.

In Buenos Aires:
Thomson and Thomson,
Influenza,
v. 9, 124.

In Japan:
Ibid., 124.
364
die
in the sixteen days:
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
224.

'filled with bodies':
Ibid., 225.

Talune brought the disease:
Rice,
Black November,
140.

In Chungking one-half the population: Public Health Reports,
Sept. 20, 1918, 1617.

doubled that of the:
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
222.

case mortality rate:
Mills, 'The 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic (The Indian Experience,'
The Indian Economic and Social History Review
(1986), 27.

arrived with the dead and dying:
Richard Gordon, M.D.,
Great Medical Disasters
(1983), 87; Beveridge,
Influenza: The Last Great Plague,
31.

For Indian troops:
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
246.

7,044 of those patients died:
Memo to Dr. Warren from Dr. Armstrong, May 2, 1919, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.

'littered with dead and dying':
'London Letter,'
JAMA
72, no. 21 (May 24, 1919), 1557.

firewood was quickly exhausted:
Mills, 'The 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic,' 35.

Close to twenty million:
Ibid., 4; Kingsley Davis,
The Population of India and Pakistan
(1951), 36.

'civilization could easily' disappear':
Collier,
Plague of the Spanish Lady,
266.

Part IX: Lingerer

CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE

measles requires an unvaccinated:
Quoted in William McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples
(1976), 53.

'no longer a master':
H. G. Wells,
War of the Worlds,
online edition,
www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/warworlds/b2c6.html
.

worst numbers came from Camp Sherman:
George Soper, M.D., 'The Influenza Pandemic in the Camps,' undated, unpaginated, RG 112, NA.

last five camps attacked:
Ibid.

'failed when' carelessly applied':
Ibid.

'when it first reached the state':
Wade Frost quoted in David Thomson and Robert Thomson,
Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory,
v. 9,
Influenza
(1934), 215.

'relatively rarely encountered':
Edwin O. Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza
(1927), 355-56.

'influenza has not passed':
'Bulletin of the USPHS,' Dec. 11, 1918, quoted in
JAMA
71, no. 25 (Dec. 21, 1918), 2088.

twenty-seven epidemic ordinances:
Dorothy Ann Pettit, 'A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918-1920, A Social History' (1976), 162.

places closed (for a third time:
Ibid., 177.

'99% proof against influenza':
June Osborn, ed.,
Influenza in America, 1918-1976: History, Science, and Politics
(1977), 11.

teachers volunteered as nurses:
See Alfred W. Crosby,
America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918
(1989), 91-116, passim.

'how gallantly the city':
Quoted in ibid., 106.

worst on the West Coast:
Osborn,
Influenza in America,
11.

quarantine of incoming ships:
W. I. B. Beveridge,
Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery
(1977), 31.

not even one-quarter that of Italy:
K. D. Patterson and G. F. Pyle, 'The Geography and Mortality of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic,'
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
(1991), 14.

'the influenza plague':
Quoted in Lucy Taksa, 'The Masked Disease: Oral History, Memory, and the Influenza Pandemic,' in
Memory and History in Twentieth Century Australia
(1994), 86.

'I can recall the Bubonic Plague':
Ibid., 79.

'inoculated against the Bubonic Plague':
Ibid., 83.

'I can remember that':
Ibid., 79-85, passim.

CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO

'not considered in this report':
Egbert Fell, 'Postinfluenzal Psychoses,'
JAMA
(June 1919), 1658.

'profound mental inertia':
Thomson and Thomson,
Influenza,
v. 10, 772.

'influenzal psychoses':
G. Draggoti, 'Nervous Manifestations of Influenza,'
Policlinico
(Feb. 8, 1919), 161, quoted in
JAMA
72 (April 12, 1919), 1105.

'serious mental disturbances':
Henri Claude M.D., 'Nervous and Mental Disturbances Following Influenza,'
JAMA
(May 31, 1919), 1635.

'an active delirium':
Martin Synnott, 'Influenza Epidemic at Camp Dix'
JAMA
(Nov. 2, 1918), 1818.

'mental depression':
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
35.

'Nervous symptoms':
Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed.,
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War,
v. 9,
Communicable Diseases
(1928), 159.

'melancholia, hysteria, and insanity':
Thomson and Thomson,
Influenza,
v. 10, 263.

'involvement of the nervous':
Ireland,
Influenza,
160.

'muttering delirium which persisted':
Ireland, ed.,
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War,
v. 12,
Pathology of the Acute Respiratory Diseases, and of Gas Gangrene Following War Wounds
(1929), 141-42.

'central nervous system':
Ibid., 119.

'Infectious psychosis':
Ibid., 13.

increase in Parkinson's:
Frederick G. Hayden and Peter Palese, 'Influenza Virus,' in
Clinical Virology
(1997), 928.

'influenza may act on the brain':
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
278-80.

'profound influence on the nervous system':
Thomson and Thomson,
Influenza,
v. 10, 768.

'influence suicide':
I. M. Wasserman, 'The Impact of Epidemic, War, Prohibition and Media on Suicide: United States, 1910-1920,'
Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior
(1992), 240.

'wide spectrum of central nervous system':
Brian R. Murphy and Robert G. Webster, 'Orthomyxoviruses' (1996), 1408.

'membranes surrounding the brain':
P. K. S. Chan et al., 'Pathology of Fatal Human Infection Associated With Avian Influenza A H5N1 Virus,'
Journal of Medical Virology
(March 2001), 242-46.

'meninges of the brain':
Douglas Symmers, M.D., 'Pathologic Similarity Between Pneumonia of Bubonic Plague and of Pandemic Influenza,'
JAMA
(Nov. 2, 1918), 1482.

'hemorrhages into gray matter':
Claude, 'Nervous and Mental Disturbances,' 1635.

'across to central nervous systems':
Interview with Robert Webster, June 13, 2002.

'have been exceeding miserable':
Diaries, House collection, Nov. 30, 1918, quoted in Pettit, 'Cruel Wind,' 186.

'all too generous': New York Telegram,
Jan. 14, 1919, quoted in Ibid.

'lost the thread of affairs':
Quoted in Arthur Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2 (1965), 279.

'a greased marble':
Tasker Bliss, quoted in Bernard Baruch,
Baruch: The Public Years
(1960), 119, quoted in Crosby,
America's Forgotten Pandemic,
186.

1,517 Parisians died:
From Great Britain Ministry of Health, 'Report on the Pandemic of Influenza' (1920), 228, quoted in Crosby,
America's Forgotten Pandemic,
181.

'grave proportions' in Paris':
'Paris Letter,' March 2, 1919,
JAMA
72, no. 14 (April 5, 1919), 1015.

'the principles laid down':
Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2, 294.

'severe cold last night':
Grayson wire to Tumulty, 8:58
A.M.,
April 4, 1919, box 44, Tumulty papers, LC.

'The President was taken violently sick':
Grayson to Tumulty, April 10, 1919, marked
PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL,
box 44, Tumulty papers.

'taking every precaution':
Grayson wire to Tumulty, 11:00
A.M.,
April 8, 1919, box 44, Tumulty papers.

'he manifested peculiarities':
Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2, 297.

'we will go home':
Edith Wilson,
My Memoir
(1939), 249, quoted in Crosby,
America's Forgotten Pandemic,
191.

'a cook who keeps her trunk':
Quoted in Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2, 398.

'began to drive himself':
Cary Grayson,
Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir
(1960), 85.

'push against an unwilling mind':
Herbert Hoover,
America's First Crusade
(1942), 1, 40-41, 64, quoted in Crosby,
America's Forgotten Epidemic,
193.

'lacked his old quickness':
Hugh L'Etang,
The Pathology of Leadership
(1970), 49.

obsessed with such details:
Elbert Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson
(1964), 49.

'never the same after':
Irwin H. Hoover,
Forty-two Years in the White House,
(1934) 98.

'so worn and tired':
Grayson to Tumulty, April 10, 1919, box 44, Tumulty papers.

'could not remember':
Margaret Macmillan,
Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World
(2002), 276.

'nervous and spiritual breakdown':
Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference,
(1939) quoted in Crosby,
America's Forgotten Epidemic,
193.

'terrible days for the President':
Grayson to Tumulty, April 30, 1919, box 44, Tumulty papers.

'What abominable manners':
Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2, 319.

'I should never sign it':
Ibid.

suffering from arteriosclerosis:
Archibald Patterson,
Personal Recollections of Woodrow Wilson
(1929), 52.

'arteriosclerotic occlusion':
Rudolph Marx,
The Health of the Presidents
(1961), 215-16.

'thrombosis':
Elbert Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson
(1964), 105-6.

'a little stroke':
Edward Weinstein, 'Woodrow Wilson's Neurological Illness,'
Journal of American History
(1970-71), 324.

'a minor stroke':
Macmillan,
Paris 1919,
276.

'attack of influenza in Paris':
Grayson,
Woodrow Wilson,
82.

'the dead season of our fortunes':
John Maynard Keynes,
Economic Consequences of the Peace
(1920), 297.

'you did not fight':
'Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference' (1942-1947), 570-74, quoted in Schlesinger,
The Age of Roosevelt,
v. 1,
Crisis of the Old Order 1919-1933,
(1957), 14.

CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE

'felt very ill':
Quoted in Michael Bliss,
William Osler: A Life in Medicine
(1999), 469. For more on Osler's illness, see Bliss 468-76, passim.

'broncho-pneumonias so common after influenza':
Ibid., 469.

'with it the pain':
Ibid., 470.

'shall not see the post mortem':
Ibid., 472.

'how can I hope':
Ibid., 470.

'might have saved him':
Ibid., 475.

'Hold up my head':
Ibid., 476

'dealing with any recurrences':
Pettit, 'Cruel Wind,' 234.

'No publicity is to be given':
Red Cross files, undated, RG 200, NA.

'rapid spread of influenza':
Memo to division managers from chairman of influenza committee, Feb. 7, 1920, RG 200, NA.

more cases would be reported:
Pettit, 'Cruel Wind,' 248.

victim's home was tagged:
Ibid., 241.

'Enforce absolute quarantine':
R. E. Arne to W. Frank Persons, Jan. 30, 1922, RG 200, NA.

twenty-one thousand children' made orphans:
Associated Press wire, appearing in
Arizona Republican,
Nov. 9, 1918.

'sixteen motherless children':
Alice Latterall to Marjorie Perry, Oct. 17, 1918, RG 200, NA.