The Great Influenza (79 page)

'I don't think Noguchi was honest':
Benison,
Tom Rivers,
95.

'objections were very unreasonable':
Corner,
History of Rockefeller Institute,
191.

'learn about Shope's Iowa work':
Flexner to Lewis, Nov. 21, 1928, Lewis papers, RUA.

in some herds:
Richard E. Swope, 'Swine Influenza I. Experimental Transmission and Pathology,'
Journal of Infectious Disease
(1931), 349.

'went right to work':
Lewis to Flexner, Feb. 1, 1929, Lewis papers, RUA.

'Lewis well':
Russell to Smith, Jan. 28 through May 23, 1929, 'our weekly cable arrived containing the words 'Lewis well,'' each with notation 'copy mailed to Mrs. Lewis,' Lewis papers, RUA.

''Lewis's illness began'':
Russell to Flexner, June 29, 1929, Lewis papers, RUA.

'Lewis condition critical':
George Soper to Russell, June 29, 1929, Lewis papers, RUA.

'Marked renal involvement':
Davis to Russell, June 28, 1929, Lewis papers, RUA.

'Probably laboratory infection':
unsigned to Russell, July 1, 1929, Lewis papers, RUA.

Shope walked down Maple:
Lewis to David Aronson, Aug. 21, 1998, provided by Robert Shope.

'order some flowers':
Smith to Shope, July 16, 1929, Lewis papers, RUA.

'Dear Sirs':
Janet Lewis to Board of Scientific Directors, July 30, 1929, Lewis papers, RUA.

'study of light phenomena':
'Scientific Reports of the Corporation' (1929), 6, RUA.

'recrudescence of poliomyelitis':
Ibid., 11.

'unfinished work of Dr. Noguchi':
Ibid., 10.

'white paint and some other improvements':
Flexner to Sawyer, March 17, 1930, Lewis papers, RUA.

blamed cigarettes:
Interview with Robert Shope, Jan. 2002; interview with David Aronson, April 8, 2003.

'in association with Sewall Wright':
Simon Flexner, 'Paul Adin Lewis,'
Science
(Aug. 9, 1929), 133-34.

Shope did demonstrate:
Paul A. Lewis and Richard E. Shope, 'Swine Influenza II. Hemophilic Bacillus from the Respiratory Tract of Infected Swine,'
Journal of Infectious Disease
(1931), 361; Shope, 'Swine Influenza I,' 349; Shope, 'Swine Influenza III. Filtration Experiments and Etiology,'
Journal of Infectious Disease
(1931), 373.

took him hunting and fishing:
C. H. Andrewes,
Biographical Memoirs, Richard E. Swope
(1979), 363.

Afterword

death toll' 21,800,000:
www.unaids.org
/worldaidsday/2002/press/update/epiupdateen/pdf; for cumulative death toll,
www.sfaf.org
/aboutaids/statistics/.

In the United States' 467,910:
Centers for Disease Control, 'AIDS Surveillance Report' (Sept. 24, 2002).

8,998 people:
Ibid.

if a new pandemic:
Martin Meltzer et al., 'Modeling the Economic Impact of Pandemic Influenza in the United States: Implications for Settling Priorities for Intervention,'
Emerging Infectious Disease
(1999).

a striking resemblance:
J. S. Oxford, 'The So-called Great Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 May Have Originated in France in 1916' (Dec. 2001), 1857.

China as the possible source: J
Edwin O. Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza
(1927), 73.

'could be reasonably regarded':
Ibid., 73.

'purulent bronchitis':
Ibid., 62.

in parts of Madagascar:
'Outbreak of Influenza, Madagascar, July-August 2002,'
Weekly Epidemiological Report
(2002), 381-87, passim.

highly unlikely that the pandemic:
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
73.

'probably carried from the United States':
David Thomson and Robert Thomson,
Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory,
v. 10,
Influenza
(1934), 1090.

Based on rates of mutation:
Personal communication with Peter Palese, Aug. 2, 2001; personal communication with Jeffrey Taubenberger, June 5, 2003.

infected eighty-three people:
Reuters, Feb. 21, 2003, reported on
www.medscape.com
, March 5, 2003.

influenza was a bad cold:
Interview with Dr. Giovanni Antunez, July 8, 2003.

pages' torn out of:
Emily Boutilier, 'How to Kill,'
Brown Alumni Magazine
(Jan./Feb. 2003), 88.

kill 120,000 people:
L. M. Wein et al., 'Emergency Response to an Anthrax Attack,'
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(2003) 4346-51; G. F. Web, 'A Silent Bomb: The Risk of Anthrax as Weapon of Mass Destruction,'
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(2003) 4355-56.

Selected Bibliography

Primary Sources

ARCHIVES AND COLLECTIONS

Alan Mason Chesney Archives, Johns Hopkins University

Stanhope Bayne-Jones papers

Wade Hampton Frost papers

William Halsted papers

Christian Herter papers

Franklin Mall papers

Eugene Opie papers

William Welch papers

American Philosophical Society

Harold Amoss papers

Rufus Cole papers

Simon Flexner papers

Victor Heiser papers

Peter Olitsky papers

Eugene Opie papers

Raymond Pearl papers

Peyton Rous papers

City Archive, Philadelphia

Alms House, Philadelphia General Hospital Daily Census, 1905'“1922 Census Book

Coroner's Office, Interments in Potters Field, 1914-1942

Department of Public Health and Charities Minutes

Journal of the Board of Public Education

Journal of the Common Council

Journal of Select Council

Letterbook of Chief of Electrical Bureau, Department of Public Safety

College of Physicians, Philadelphia

William N. Bradley papers

Arthur Caradoc Morgan papers

Influenza papers

Columbia University, Butler Library, Oral History Research Office

A. R. Dochez oral history

Abraham Flexner oral history

Historical Society of Philadelphia

The Advisory Committee on Nursing, Philadelphia Hospital for Contagious Disease, Report for Feb. 1919

Council of National Defense papers

Benjamin Hoffman collection

Dr. William Taylor collection

Herbert Welsh collection

Woman's Advisory Council, Philadelphia General Hospital collection

Jefferson Medical College

Annual Report, Jefferson Hospital, year ended May 31, 1919

Library of Congress

Newton Baker papers

Ray Stannard Baker papers

George Creel papers

Joseph Tumulty papers

Woodrow Wilson papers

National Academy of Sciences

Executive Committee of Medicine 1916-1917 files

Medicine and Related Sciences, 1918 Activities Summary

Committee on Medicine and Hygiene 1918 files

Committee on Psychology/Propaganda Projects files

Influenza files

Biographical files for Oswald Avery, Rufus Cole, Alphonse Dochez, Eugene Opie, Thomas Rivers, Hans Zinsser

National Archives

Red Cross records

U.S. Army Surgeon General records

U.S. Navy Surgeon General records

U.S. Public Health Service records

National Library of Medicine

Stanhope Bayne-Jones papers and oral history

Michael Heidelberger oral history

Frederick Russell papers

Donald Van Slyke oral history

Shields Warren oral history

New York City Municipal Archives

Annual Report of the Department of Health of the City of New York for 1918

Collected Studies of the Bureau of Laboratories of the Department of Health of the City of New York for the Years 1916-1919, v. 9

Collected Reprints of Dr. William H. Park, v. 3, 1910-1920

Rhode Island Historical Society

Charles Chapin papers

Rockefeller University Archives

Paul Lewis papers

Reports to the Board of Scientific Directors

Sterling Library, Yale University

Gordon Auchincloss papers

Arthur Bliss Lane papers

Vance C. McCormick papers

Frederic Collin Walcott papers

Charles-Edward Winslow papers

Temple University Special Collections

Thomas Whitehead papers

Temple University Urban Archives

Carson College for Orphan Girls

Children's Hospital, Bainbridge

Clinton Street Boarding Home

Housing Association of Delaware Valley papers

Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf papers

Pennsylvania Hospital

Pennsylvania Society to Protect Children from Cruelty

Philadelphia Association of Day Nurseries

Whosoever Gospel Mission of Germantown

Young Women's Boarding Home Association of Philadelphia

Report of the Hospital of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1919

Tennessee Historical Society

Oswald Avery papers

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Milton Rosenau papers

University of Pennsylvania Archives

George Wharton Pepper papers

Secondary Sources

NEWSPAPERS

Arizona Gazette

Arizona Republican

Boston Globe

Chicago Tribune

London Times

Los Angeles Times

New Orleans Item

New Orleans Times-Picayune

New York Times

Philadelphia Inquirer

Philadelphia North American

Philadelphia Public Ledger

Providence Journal

San Francisco Chronicle

Santa Fe Monitor
(Kansas)

Seattle Post-Intelligencer

Seattle Times

Washington Post

Washington Star

ARTICLES

'Advertisements in the
Laryngoscope
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Laryngoscope
106, no. 9, part 1 (Sept. 1996): 1058.

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Grece Medicale,
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Postgraduate Medical Journal
55, no. 64 (Feb. 1979): 73-77.

Ashford, Bailey K. 'Preparation of Medical Officers of the Combat Division in France at the Theatre of Operations.'
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Transactions of the American Clininical Climatolology Association
96 (1984): 1-13.

Avery, Oswald Theodore. 'A Selective Medium for B. Influenzae, Oleate-hemoglobin Agar.'
JAMA
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Journal of Nursing History
2, no. 2 (April 1987): 17-32.

Baird, Nancy. 'The 'Spanish Lady' in Kentucky.'
Filson Club Quarterly
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Barnes, Frances M. 'Psychoses Complicating Influenza.'
Missouri State Medical Association
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Benison, Saul. 'Poliomyelitis and the Rockefeller Institute: Social Effects and Institutional Response.'
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
29 (1974): 74-92.

Bernstein, B. J. 'The Swine Flu Immunization Program.'
Medical Heritage
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Correspondenz-Blatt fur Schweizer Aerzte, Basel.
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Bloomfield, Arthur, and G. A. Harrop Jr. 'Clinical Observations on Epidemic Influenza.'
Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin
30 (1919).

Bogardus, F. B. 'Influenza Pneumonia Treated by Blood Transfusion.'
New York Medical Journal
109, no. 18 (May 3, 1919): 765-68.

Bourne, Randolph. 'The War and the Intellectuals.'
The Seven Arts
2 (June 1917): 133-46.

Brown P., J. A. Morris, and D. C. Gajdusek. 'Virus of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Era: New Evidence About Its Antigenic Character.'
Science
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Burch, M. ''I Don't Know Only What We Hear': The Soldiers' View of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic.'
Indiana Medical Quarterly
9, no. 4 (1983): 23-27.