The Great War for Civilisation (225 page)

339 In an interview with the Anatolia News Agency: Quoted in the
Turkish Daily News
, 10 April 2001.

339 “It seems to me”: Charny letter to Peres, 11 April 2001.

339 Nor did Charny flinch: Charny,
Encyclopedia of Genocide
, vol. 1, pp. 61–105.

339 “the aim of Ittihad”: Ibid., p. 94.

339 “the Turks had let it be known”: From the published proceedings of the conference by Israel Charny,
The Armenians, the Turks and the Jews
(Jerusalem: Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, 1983).

340 “how can the destruction”: Jonathan Eric Lewis, “Genocide and the Modern World,” published in the
Armenian-Mirror Spectator
, April 2001.

340 “The Pope has been struck”:
Milliyet
, 11 November 2000.

340 tried to disconnect it from the Nazi genocide: Dr. Salâhi R. Sonyel,
Turco-Armenian Relations in the Context of the Jewish Holocaust
(Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1990).

340 “Turkey firmly denies”: See, for example, the
International Herald Tribune
, 27 September 2001, “Pope Prays for Armenians.”

340 “more than a million Armenians”: BBC World Service radio news, 26 September 2001.

342 Peter Balakian and the historian Robert Jay Lifton: Balakian, op. cit., pp. 383–5.

343 150 Holocaust scholars and historians: Fifty-three of them signed an ad in
The Washington
Post
, on 23 April 1999.

343 In 1997, for example, the Ellis Island Museum: See
New York Times
, 11 September 1997.

344 Holocaust denial is alive: See Norman Finkelstein in
Index on Censorship
, Issue 2, 2000.

344 Lewis was convicted: See
Le Monde
, 23 June 1995; also, for a discussion on Lewis's original references to the Armenian killings as a “holocaust,” see
Le Monde
, 26 April 1994, “Un entretien avec Anahide Ter-Minassian et Claude Mutafian.”

344 French foreign ministry secretary-general: Ankara Anatolia news agency report, 18 September 2000.

(n.) 344 Strangely enough, the French national airline:
Air France Magazine
, October 1999, p. 144.

345 “after full and careful consideration”: Frater letter to Joan Ablett of the Armenian Assembly of America, 21 November 2000.

345 “the Crusades, slavery, colonialism”: Frater letter to Armen Lucas, 15 December 2000.

345 “any serious commemoration”: Zaven Messerlian letter to Frater, 21 December 2000.

345 “Our historical frame of reference”: Brittain-Catlin letter to Lucas, 16 January 2001.

346 “in the absence of unequivocal evidence”: Answer by Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale to Baroness Cox in the House of Lords, 14 April 1999, Hansard, Lords, cols. 826–30, cited in Ruper Boyadjian,
Great Britain's Denial of the Genocide Against the Armenians
, proceedings of the Kigali conference, 25–30 November 2001.

348 “a messy and painful affair”: Atak letter to exhibition photographer Simon Norfolk, 27 June 2000.

348 “it almost beggars belief”:
Independent
, 31 August 2000, editorial “Turkey should face up to an ugly episode in its history.”

348 “What is shocking”: Letter to author from Toby Saul, 5 August 2000.

348 New York Life Insurance: See the Armenian National Institute, Washington, D.C., annual report for 2002.

349 “allowed pressure by a foreign government”: Aram Hamparian, director of the Armenian National Committee of America, 24 April 2004.

349 “forcefully remembered”: Letter to author from Sir Michael Mayne, 31 January 2000.

350 Three Turks were prosecuted: Ayshe Nur Zarakaglu, Ragip Zarakoglu and Emirhan Oguz were prosecuted for publishing
Les Armeniens, histoire d'un genocide
by Yves Ternon (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1977) as
Ermeni tabusu
(The Armenian Taboo) (Istanbul: Belge Yayinlari, 1994); see statement from the Armenian Rights Group, London, 30 March 1994.

351 “There the Armenians had been forced to undress”:
The Kevorkian Newsletter
, Paris, 9 September 2002.

354 “Bunches and bunches of roses”: Verjine Svazlian,
The Armenian Genocide in the Memoirs
and Turkish-Language Songs of the Eyewitness Survivors
(Yerevan: Gitutiun Publishing House, 1999), p. 12.

Chapter Eleven: Fifty Thousand Miles from Palestine

356 Those who knew him: Interview with former PLO ambassador to Lebanon Chafiq al-Hout, Beirut, 18 July 1994.

359 “golden opportunity”: See Elpeleg,
Grand Mufti
, p. 53.

360 “world Jewry, this dangerous enemy”: Ibid., p. 59, full text of Haj Amin letter to Hitler of 20 January 1941 is in Appendix B (pp. 202–5) of Elpeleg's book.

360 “I suppose it was a great mistake”: Interview with Dr. Nadim al-Dimeshkieh, Beirut, 24 July 1994.

360 “Most of the Palestinians”: Interview with Wassef Kamal, Beirut, 13 August 1994.

361 Haj Amin had as much right to collaborate: See Taysir Jbara,
Palestinian Leader Hajj Amin
al-Husayni: Mufti of Jerusalem
(Princeton, N.J.: Kingston Press, 1985).

362 “his frequent, close contacts”: Elpeleg, p. 73.

362 “If there are reasons”: Ibid., p. 72, citing Mohamed Amin al-Husseini,
Zikhronot, Filastin
(“Memoirs, Palestine”) (Beirut).

363 “He was of course involved”: Kamal interview, 13 August 1994.

363 “Haj Amin believed”: Elpeleg, p. 178, citing a Hebrew edition of Abu Iyad's
Without a
Homeland
(
Le-Lo Moledet
) (Jerusalem, 1979), pp. 64–6.

363 “He said that after the Jews”: Interview with Alia al-Husseini, granddaughter of Haj Amin, 20 July 1994.

364 “Haj Amin should have accepted the UN partition plan”: Interview with Habib abu Fadel, Beirut, 26 July 1994.

364 later beaten up by Haj Amin's thugs: Bayan al-Hout interview, 18 July 1994.

364 “a very stupid act”: Interview with al-Hout, Beirut, 18 July 1994.

364 “To my surprise”: al-Hout interview, 18 July 1994.

365 “it has to be used with care”: Antonius,
Arab Awakening
, p. 387.

366 “the capture by British troops”: David Lloyd George,
War Memoirs of David Lloyd
George
, vol. II (London: Odhams, 1936), p. 1092.

366 scarcely any reference to the Balfour Declaration: Ibid., vol. I, pp. 349–50.

366 “It was at one of the darkest periods”: Lloyd George in the House of Commons, 19 June 1936, reported in
The Times
, 20 June 1936.

367 “the establishment of a Jewish state”: Antonius, pp. 410–11.

368 “the wealthy, crowded, progressive Jewish State”: Winston Churchill,
Step by Step:
1936–1939
(London: Odhams, 1947), “Palestine Partition,” 23 July 1937.

368 “the Jewish tragedy owed its origin”: Brigadier John Bagot Glubb,
The Story of the Arab
Legion
(London: Hodder, 1948), p. 231.

368 prewar Zionist committees were contemplating the “transfer”: see Mark Levene,
The Limits of Tolerance: Nation-State Building and What It Means for Minority Groups
in
Patterns
of Prejudice
(Institute of Jewish Policy Research), vol. 34, no. 2, 2000, citing Nur Masalha,
Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of “Transfer” in Zionist Political Thought
1882–1948 (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Palestine Studies, 1992), p. 128.

369 “I will show you my museum”: Interview with Josef Kleinman, Givat Shaul, Jerusalem, 6 April 2002.

372 ninety-four of the villagers were blown up: Khalidi (ed.),
All That Remains
, p. 492 (where the village is spelled “al-Salihiyya”), citing Morris,
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee
Problem
.

373 reads like an account of the first year's Iraqi uprising:
Palestine: Statement of Information
Relating to Acts of Violence
, Cmd. 6873 (London: HMSO, July 1946).

374 “They were hanging”: Copy of official British “Report on the Murder of Sgt PAICE and Sgt MARTIN” sent to the author by Nadeem El Issa on 21 June 2004.

374 “we usually had a gangers' trolley”:
Harakavet: A Quarterly Journal on the Railways of
the Middle East
(ed. Rabbi Walter Rothschild), Issue 25, June 1994, quoting letter from Charles S. Eadon-Clarke of Western Australia.

374 “the Arabs, who have lived and buried their dead”: Quoted in Gilbert,
Israel
, p. 113.

374 “if our dreams for Zionism”: Quoted in Bethell,
The Palestine Triangle
, p. 183, citing Churchill in the Commons, 17 November 1944.

375 “Why then did your people murder my father?”: See
The Times
, 5 July 1975, “Ex-Haganah man criticizes assassins' state funeral.”

375 a day-by-day account of events in Palestine: Compiled from
The Scotsman
,
The Times
, from Khalidi,
All That Remains
, and from Morris,
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee
Problem
, by “Scottish Friends of Palestine” under Hugh Humphries.

379 “I will not be away from my freedom fighters”: Interview with Yassir Arafat, Tripoli, Lebanon, 21 June 1983.

386 Syria, for example, had drawn up an eleven-point plan: See
Independent,
31 October 1991.

389 “Hence Syria is worried that Jordan”: See
Independent
, 26 November 1992.

394 “with the prime minister of the Jewish state”: Hirst,
The Gun and the Olive Branch
, p. 21.

399 “He has changed the charter of the PLO”: Interview with Chafiq al-Hout, Beirut, 10 September 1993.

Chapter Twelve: The Last Colonial War

410 “Israeli troops shot and killed at least another twenty-five”: The Israeli B'Tselem human rights group would later name twelve of twenty-one Palestinians they say were killed by Israeli troops in the six days following the Hebron massacre. See B'Tselem Case Study Number 4, 3 March 1994,
Lethal Gunfire and Collective Punishment in the Wake of the
Massacre at the Tomb of the Patriarchs
.

420 as Edward Said was the first to point out: See Edward Said,
London Review of Books
, 14 December 2000.

420 Indeed, a detailed investigation in 2000: Professor Alain Joxe, director of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Research on Peace and Strategic Studies at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, interviewed by Lara Marlowe,
Irish Times
, 4 November 2000, “Israel accused of turning peace process into a sham, backed by U.S.”

421 “the Pétain of the Palestinians”: Edward Said interview in
Irish Times
, 3 July 1999, “The Powerful Voice of the Outsider.”

426 As long ago as 1978: See
The Times
, 2 February 1978, “Begin moves baffle Washington.”

426 “housing 16,000 Israeli families”: See
Guardian
, 30 November 1978, “Jewish plan to settle 16,000 families,” by Eric Silver.

426 the last Arab family: See
The Times
, 6 March 1980, “Last Arab forced out of Jewish quarter,” by Christopher Walker.

427 the Israeli authorities proceeded to seize land: See
The Times
, 19 March 1989, “100,000 Jews to live on seized Jerusalem land,” by Christopher Walker.

427 “past leaders of our movement”: See
Guardian
, 20 November 1990, “Arab land for Soviet Jews, says Shamir,” by Ian Black.

427 “these Israeli islands”: Benjamin Netanyahu in
New York Times
, reprinted in
Jerusalem
Post
, 5 September 1993.

427 86.5 per cent of East Jerusalem: See
Jerusalem File
(The International Campaign for Jerusalem, PO Box 11592, London SE26 6WZ), February 1996, p. 5.

427 another 70,000 new housing units: See
Jerusalem File
, November 1996, p. 2.

427 with 3,546 houses: See
Jerusalem File
, May 1997, p. 6.

427 the sale of land for 5,000 new Jewish homes: See Associated Press report from Jerusalem, 4 February 1997—which refers to the occupied territories as “disputed lands”—and the
Independent
, 19 February 1997, “Jewish settlement rekindles danger of West Bank uprising,” by Patrick Cockburn.

427 was denounced as “disinformation”: See
Independent
, 28 February 1997, “Netanyahu accused over Jerusalem homes pledge,” by Patrick Cockburn.

428 Between the signing of the Oslo accord: Edward Said,
Al-Ahram Weekly
(Cairo), 23–29 July 1998, “After the Final Acre.”

428 an additional 116,000 houses: See
Jerusalem File
, June 1999, p. 4.

428 ten times as fast:
Peace Now
press statement, 20 August 1999.

428–9 “we will not remove a settlement”: Agence France-Presse report from Jerusalem, 17 September 1999.

429 The final, damning statistics: Hirst, p. 24.

429 “The day after the second bloodbath”: See
Independent
, 22 August 1995, “Rabin says bus atrocity will not halt peace talks,” by Patrick Cockburn.

(n.) 429 “your challenge is not one of geographical turf”:
Jerusalem Post
, 2 November 2000, “Peace must be painstakingly rebuilt,” by John Hume.

430 “inflicted more punishment and pain”: Avi Shlaim,
London Review of Books
, 30 November 1995, “Overtaken by Events.”

430 “there is no moral problem”: See
Independent
, 24 January 1996, “Amir tells court he shot Rabin ‘for God,' ” by Patrick Cockburn.

432 “The marriage is over”: see
Independent
, 5 June 1996.

433 the report that Amnesty International published: Amnesty International,
Five Years After
the Oslo Agreement: Human rights sacrificed for “security,”
9 September 1998.