The Green Beauty Guide: Your Essential Resource to Organic and Natural Skin Care, Hair Care, Makeup, and Fragrances (58 page)

BOOK: The Green Beauty Guide: Your Essential Resource to Organic and Natural Skin Care, Hair Care, Makeup, and Fragrances
2.72Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

89.
Sodium Methylparaben
: endocrine disruptor; causes mild brain damage in animals; skin irritant causing itching, burning, scaling, hives, and blistering; causes depigmentation of skin; banned for use in European Union

90.
Sodium Monofluorophosphate
: nervous system toxin; harmful if swallowed during teeth bleaching; causes convulsions, proteinuria, osteoporosis, and changes in DNA in animals; restricted in Canada

91.
Talc
: even when it contains no asbestos, was proven fibrogenic (causes tissue injury and fibrosis); skin and lung irritation

92.
Teflon
: causes toxic pneumonitis and skin cancer in animals; not studied for safety in humans

93.
Tetrasodium EDTA
: contains formaldehyde; cytotoxic and genotoxic in animals; strong skin and lung irritant in humans; most widespread poison to waterways

94.
Thimerosal (Thiomersal, Merthiolate)
: strong toxin to skin, nervous, and immune system; mercury is linked to autism; causes cancer in animals; environmental toxin

95.
Thioglycolic Acid
: strong human skin irritant; causes itching, burning, scaling, hives, and blistering of skin; lung allergen; restricted in cosmetics; banned in Canada

96.
Toluene (Methylbenzene)
: skin and lung toxicant; accumulates in fat tissue; soil contaminant

97.
Triclosan
: endocrine disruptor, affects thyroid hormone–associated gene expression, caused fetal death in animals; strong skin irritant; environmental toxicant

98.
Triethanolamine (TEA)
: causes lymphoid, kidney; and renal tumors in animals; may be contaminated with carcinogen 1,4-Dioxane; skin and eye irritant even when used in low doses

99.
Triphenyl Phosphate
: human neurotoxin; skin, eye, and lung irritant; causes tremors, depression, and diarrhea in animals

100.
Xanthene (AKA106, CI 45100)
: found unsafe for use in cosmetics in the US; causes cancer and various organ mutations in animals

And the list can go on and on. This is not a complete list of all harmful and toxic chemicals found in beauty products. Last time I counted, a popular hair highlighting kit contained forty chemicals that are linked to various health disorders even at low doses. However, these are some of the most common staples of junk beauty products. Try to avoid them at all costs.

Sources: Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR); Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); European Union: Classification & Labelling; Health Canada: List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients; EPA Water Quality Standards Database; EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants; National Library of Medicine; CHE Toxicant and Disease Database;
Scorecard.org
Toxicity Information; U.S. Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

reference

Introduction

Hildenbrand GL, Hildenbrand LC, Bradford K, Cavin SW. “Five-year survival rates of melanoma patients treated by diet therapy after the manner of Gerson: a retrospective review.”
Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine.
1995 Sep; 1(4):29–37.

Chapter 1. The Nature of Skin

HAE Benson. “Transdermal drug delivery: penetration enhancement techniques.”
Current
Drug Delivery.
2005 (2): 223–33.

Niculescu MD, Wu R, Guo Z, da Costa KA, Zeisel SH. “Diethanolamine alters proliferation and choline metabolism in mouse neural precursor cells.”
Toxicological Sciences.
2007 Apr; 96(2):321–6.

Williams, AC, Barry, BW. “Penetration enhancers.”
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.
2004 Vol. 56, No. 5: 603–618.

Chapter 2. Beauty and the Toxic Beast

Adibi JJ, Whyatt RM, Williams PL, Calafat AM, Camann D, Herrick R, Nelson H, Bhat HK, Perera FP, Silva MJ, Hauser R. “Characterization of phthalate exposure among pregnant women assessed by repeat air and urine samples.”
Environmental Health Perspectives.
2008 Apr; 116(4):467–73.

Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V. “Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel dermal fillers: clinical findings, long-term follow-up and review of the literature.”
Journal of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.
2008 Feb; 22(2):150–61.

Andersen A. “Final report on the safety assessment of benzaldehyde.”
International Journal
of Toxicology.
2006; 25 Suppl 1:11–27.

Anderson D, Brinkworth MH, Jenkinson PC, Clode SA, Creasy DM, Gangolli SD. “Effect of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether on spermatogenesis, dominant lethality, and F1 abnormalities in the rat and the mouse after treatment of F0 males.”
Teratogenicity, Carcinogenicity,
and Mutagenicity.
1987; 7(2):141–58.

Baxter KF, Wilkinson SM, Kirk SJ. “Hydroxymethyl pentylcyclohexene-carboxaldehyde (Lyral) as a fragrance allergen in the UK.”
Contact Dermatitis.
2003 Feb; 48(2):117–8.

BCC Research. “Chemicals for Cosmetics and Toiletries.” May 1, 2006.
http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=1507343&SID=45507473-415408409-443859592
(accessed May 19, 2008).

Begoun, Paula.
The Beauty Bible.
The Beginning Press, 2002 (2nd Edition): 13–14.

Bisaccia E, Lugo A, Torres O, Johnson B, Scarborough D. “Persistent inflammatory reaction to hyaluronic acid gel: a case report.”
Cutis.
2007 May; 79(5):388–9.

Blackwell M, Kang H, Thomas A, Infante P. “Formaldehyde: evidence of carcinogenicity.”
American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.
1981 Jul; 42(7):A34, A36, A38, passim.

Bosetti C, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Pira E, La Vecchia C. “Formaldehyde and cancer risk: a quantitative review of cohort studies through 2006.”
Annals of Oncology.
2007 Sep 25.

Buckley DA. “Fragrance ingredient labelling in products on sale in the U.K.”
British Journal
of Dermatology.
2007 Aug; 157(2):295–300.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “CDC reports higher levels of other phthalates than of DEHP in humans, despite greater environmental exposure.”
American Journal
of Health-System Pharmacy.
2001 May 15; 58(10):857–8.

Colón I, Caro D, Bourdony CJ, Rosario O. “Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development.”
Environmental Health Perspectives.
2000 Sep; 108(9):895–900.

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. “Final report on the safety assessment of Triethylene Glycol and PEG–4.”
International Journal of Toxicology.
2006; 25(2):121–38.

Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association. “Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association 2005 Annual Report.”
http://www.ctfa.org/Content/NavigationMenu/About_CTFA/Annual_Report/48661a_CTFA_Lowres.pdf
(accessed May 18, 2008).

Curtis L. “Toxicity of fragrances.”
Environmental Health Perspectives.
2004 Jun; 112(8):A461.

Daniells S. “UK women spend big to look better.”
Cosmetics Design Europe.
http://www.cos-meticsdesignueurope.com/news/ng.asp? id=66942
(accessed May 19, 2008).

Darbre PD, Aljarrah A, Miller WR, Coldham NG, Sauer MJ, Pope GS. “Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours.”
Journal of Applied Toxicology.
2004 Jan-Feb; 24(1):5–13.

Darbre PD. “
Environmental oestrogens, cosmetics and breast cancer.”
Best Practices and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006 Mar; 20(1):121–43.

Darbre PD, Byford JR, Shaw LE, Horton RA, Pope GS, Sauer MJ. “Oestrogenic activity of isobutylparaben in vitro and in vivo.”
Journal of Applied Toxicology.
2002 Jul-Aug; 22(4):219–26.

de Groot AC, Bruynzeel DP, Jagtman BA, Weyland JW. “Contact allergy to diazolidinyl urea (Germall II).”
Contact Dermatitis.
1988 Apr; 18(4):202–5.

Diepgen TL, Weisshaar E. “Contact dermatitis: epidemiology and frequent sensitizers to cosmetics.”
Journal of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.
2007 Sep; 21 Suppl 2:9–13.

DiGangi J, Norin H. “Pretty Nasty—Phthalates in European Cosmetic Products.”
Health Care
Without Harm.
http://www.wen.org.uk/health/Reports/Prettynasty.pdf
(accessed May 17, 2008).

Euromonitor International. “Fragrance Markets: Reinvigorating Fragrances.”
Global Cosmetic
Industry.
Oct 2007.
http://www.gcimagazine.com/marketdata/10488727.html
(accessed May 19, 2008).

Exley C, Charles LM, Barr L, Martin C, Polwart A, Darbre PD. “Aluminum in human breast tissue.”
Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry.
2007 Sep; 101(9):1344–6.

Frosch PJ, Johansen JD, Menné T, et al. “Further important sensitizers in patients sensitive to fragrances.”
Contact Dermatitis.
2002 Aug; 47(2):78–85.

Gee RH, Charles A, Taylor N, Darbre PD. “Oestrogenic and androgenic activity of triclosan in breast cancer cells.”
Journal of Applied Toxicology.
2008 Jan; 28(1):78–91.

Gonzalo MA, et al. “Allergic contact dermatitis to propylene glycol.”
Allergy.
1999; 54:82–3.

Gwinn MR, Whipkey DL, Tennant LB, Weston A. “Gene expression profiling of di-n-butyl phthalate in normal human mammary epithelial cells.”
Journal of Environmental Pathology,
Toxicology and Oncology.
2007; 26(1):51–61.

Hannuksela M, Pirila V, Salo OP. “Skin reactions to propylene glycol.”
Contact Dermatitis.
1975; 1:112–6.

Harris CA, Henttu P, Parker MG, Sumpter JP. “The estrogenic activity of phthalate esters in vitro.”
Environmental Health Perspectives.
1997 Aug; 105(8):802–11.

Hauser R. “The environment and male fertility: recent research on emerging chemicals and semen quality.”
Seminars in Reproductive Medicine.
2006 Jul; 24(3):156–67.

Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T, Menné T. “Contact allergy to cosmetics: testing with patients’ own products.”
Contact Dermatitis.
1999 Jun; 40(6):310–5.

Högberg J, Hanberg A, Berglund M, Skerfving S, Remberger M, Calafat AM, Filipsson AF, Jansson B, Johansson N, Appelgren M, Håkansson H. “Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood or serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations.”
Environmental Health Perspectives.
2008 Mar; 116(3):334–9.

Johnson W Jr. “Final report on the safety assessment of PEG–25 propylene glycol stearate, PEG–75 propylene glycol stearate, PEG–120 propylene glycol stearate, PEG–10 propylene glycol, PEG–8 propylene glycol cocoate, and PEG–55 propylene glycol oleate.”
International
Journal of Toxicology.
2001; 20 Suppl 4:13–26.

Jørgensen PH, Jensen CD, Rastogi S, et al. “Experimental elicitation with hydroxyisohexyl-3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde-containing deodorants.”
Contact Dermatitis.
2007 Mar; 56(3):146–50.

Kim IY, Han SY, Moon A. “Phthalates inhibit tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in MCF–7 human breast cancer cells.”
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A.
2004 Dec; 67(23– 24):2025–35.

Kleinsasser NH, Weissacher H, Kastenbauer ER, Dirschedl P, Wallner BC, Harréus UA. “Altered genotoxicity in mucosal cells of head and neck cancer patients due to environmental pollutants.”
European Archives of Otorhinolaryngology.
2000; 257(6):337–42.

Kuykendall JR, Jarvi EJ, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ. “DNA-protein cross-link formation in Burkitt lymphoma cells cultured with benzaldehyde and the sedative paraldehyde.”
Drug
and Chemical Toxicology.
2007; 30(1):1–16.

Larsen WG. “Allergic contact dermatitis to the fragrance material lilial.”
Contact Dermatitis.
1983 Mar; 9(2):158–9.

Lotery H, Kirk S, Beck M, et al. “Dicaprylyl maleate—an emerging cosmetic allergen.”
Contact
Dermatitis.
2007 Sep; 57(3):169–72.

Madslien J. “Jewellery and Perfume Sales Rise.”
BBC News Online.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1753472.stm
(accessed May 19, 2008).

National Toxicology Program. “NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Di-n-Butyl Phthalate (DBP).”
NTP CERHR MON.
2003 Apr; (4):i–III90.

Neppelberg E, Costea DE, Vintermyr OK, Johannessen AC. “Dual effects of sodium lauryl sulphate on human oral epithelial structure.”
Experimental Dermatology.
2007 Jul; 16(7):574–9.

Nguema PN, Matsiegui PB, Nsafu DN. “Severely burned patients: epidemiology and treatment (a study of 104 Gabonese cases).”
Sante.
2000 Jan-Feb; 10(1):37–42.

Organic Consumers Association. “Carcinogenic 1,4–Dioxane Found in Leading ‘Organic’ Brand Personal Care Products.”
http://www.organicconsumers.org/bodycare/DioxaneRelease08.cfm
(accessed May 19, 2008).

Reid FR, Wood TO. “Pseudomonas corneal ulcer. The causative role of contaminated eye cosmetics.”
Archives of Ophthalmology.
1979 Sep; 97(9):1640–1.

Reiner JL, Wong CM, Arcaro KF, Kannan K. “Synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from the United States.”
Environmental Science and Technology.
2007 Jun 1; 41(11):3815–20.

Ross G. “A perspective on the safety of cosmetic products: a position paper of the American Council on Science and Health.”
International Journal of Toxicology.
2006 Jul-Aug; 25(4):269–77.

Sathyanarayana S, Karr CJ, et al. “Baby care products: possible sources of infant phthalate exposure.”
Pediatrics.
2008 Feb; 121(2):260–268.

Scaife MC. “An in vitro cytotoxicity test to predict the ocular irritation potential of detergents and detergent products.”
Food and Chemical Toxicology.
1985 Feb; 23(2):253–8.

Shcherbatykh I, Carpenter DO. “The role of metals in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease.”
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.
2007 May; 11(2):191–205.

Singh AR, Lawrence WH, Autian J. “Maternal-fetal transfer of 14C–di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and 14C-diethyl phthalate in rats.”
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
1975 Aug; 64(8):1347–50.

Other books

All Good Things Exposed by Alannah Carbonneau
Marie's Blood Mate by Tamsin Baker
Life Begins by Amanda Brookfield
To Serve Is Divine by R. E. Hargrave
the Tall Stranger (1982) by L'amour, Louis