CHAPTER 14. GODDESSES AND GODS IN THE EARLY PURANAS
1
Kalidasa,
Shakuntala
3.2 (alternative verse).
3
Keay,
India
, 145, citing the third Jungadh inscription.
4
Ibid., citing Beal,
Si yu ki
xxxvii-xxxviii.
11
Flood,
Introduction
, 113.
13
Hein, “A Revolution in Krsnaism,” 309-10.
17
Thapar,
Early India,
281.
19
Doniger, “Jewels of Rejection.”
20
Goldman, “Karma, Guilt, and Buried Memories,” 423.
23
Doniger O’Flaherty, “The Image of the Heretic.”
24
Ramanujan and Cutler, “From Classicism to Bhakti,” 232.
25
Thapar,
Early India,
244.
27
Mitter,
Indian Art,
45-47.
29
Thapar,
Early India,
287.
30
Ben Shonthal’s vivid formulation.
31
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation
, 8.
32
Thapar,
Early India,
275.
34
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation
, 67.
35
Thapar,
Early India,
275.
36
Redfield,
The Little Community
.
38
Narayana Rao, “Hinduism: The Untold Story.”
39
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation
.
40
Narayana Rao, “Hinduism: The Untold Story.”
41
Narayana Rao, “Purana as Brahminic Ideology,” 91-92.
42
Markandeya Purana
135.7, 136.36.
43
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation
, 57, citing
Atri-smirti
(373-83) and Mitakshara.
44
Hess,
The Bijak of Kabir
, 67.
45
Brahmanda Purana
1.2.26.10-61.
46
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women, Androgynes
, 130-48.
47
Vamana Purana
S.17.2-23.
48
Kinsley,
Hindu Goddesses
.
49
Markandeya Purana
82-83.
50
Hiltebeitel,
The Cult of Draupadi
.
51
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women, Androgynes,
90-91.
52
Shvetashvatara Upanishad
6.23.
53
Skanda Purana
1.3.1.10.1-69; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 243.
54
Markandeya Purana
85-90.
55
Frederick Smith,
The Self Possessed
.
56
Varaha Purana
33.4-15, 25-34; Doniger O’Faherty,
Hindu Myths
, 122.
57
This is the story that Kalidasa alludes to: “Shiva’s wife, Sati, the daughter of Daksha, was devoted to her husband and outraged when her father dishonored him. She discarded her body through yoga.”
Kumarasambhava
1.21
58
Mahabharata
12.183.10.3-5; cf. 13.17.98, and Nilakantha on 13.17.101.
59
Fleet,
Corpus
, no. 18, 81, pl. XI, 11.21-23.
60
Brahmanda Purana
4.11.1-34, 5.30.30-99; cf.
Vamana Purana
6.26-27, 25.1-20, 31.1-18.
61
Brahmavaivarta Purana
4.41.20-26.
62
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 226-32.
63
Shiva Purana
2.3.20.1-23; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 160.
64
Böhtlingk,
Indische Spruche,
1, 25, no. 130; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 371, n. 220.
66
Padma Purana
1.46.1-32, 47-108,119-21. The same text, with some variations, appears in the
Skanda Purana
1.2.27-29 (the version translated in Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 251-61, and discussed by Doniger,
Bedtrick
, 69-75) and in the
Matsya Purana
154-57 (the version translated by Shulman in
God Inside Out
, 156).
68
Commentary on
Ramayana
1.29.6 (Bombay ed.); Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 100.
70
Commentary cited by Kangle,
Arthasastra
, 12.
71
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, chapter 9.
72
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 84-89.
73
Naishadiyacarita
, canto 17, verse 201.
74
Dirks, “Political Authority and Structural Change,”125-57.
75
Markandeya Purana
10.47-87; 12.3-48; 10.88-97; 11.22-32.
76
Lewis Carroll, “Wool and Water,”
Through the Looking Glass
.
80
Sanford, “Holi Through Dauji’s Eyes.”
CHAPTER 15. SECTS AND SEX IN THE TANTRIC PURANAS AND THE TANTRAS
1
Mahanirvana Tantra
14.117-21.
2
Thapar,
Early India
, 261.
4
Ibid., citing Bana’s
Harsha-charita
.
5
Bana,
Kadambari
, trans. Gwendolyn Layne, 174-75.
6
Lévi,
Le théâtre,
184-95. The Kashmiri historian Rajashekhara, in the ninth century, identified him as a Chandala. Sylvain Lévi identifies him as a Jaina, but his name betrays his low-caste origin.
9
Devahuti,
Harsha: A Political Study
, 154-57.
12
Thapar,
Early India
, 275.
13
Ingalls, “Cynics and Pashupatas,” 284, citing the Mathara pillar inscription of Chandragupta II,
Epigraphica Indica
, vol. 21, 1-9.
14
Flood (
Introduction
, 155-57) dates the
Pashupata Sutra
to about the ninth century, but Ingalls thought it was the work of Lakulisha, about 100 CE.
16
Flood,
Introduction
, 165.
17
Pashupata Sutra
3.3-19; Ingalls, “Cynics.”
18
Lorenzen,
Kabir Legends
, 102, 31-32;
Kapalikas
, 187-88.
19
Flood,
Introduction,
157.
20
Shiva Purana, Jnana Samhita
, 49.65-80; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 280.
21
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 123-28.
22
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 146-59.
24
Ibid., 281;
Shiva Purana
3.8-9.
25
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 124.
26
Siva Purana
2.2.16.30-36; cf 2.3.24.60-75; 2.4.4.5.
27
Mahabhagavata Purana
22.38-39;
Skanda Purana
1.1.21.15.
28
Varaha Purana
97.2-8; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 279.
29
Skanda Purana
1.1.1.20-40;
Shiva Purana
2.2.26-27.
30
Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil
, 272ff.
31
Shiva Purana
2.2.26.15-40.
32
Saura Purana
7.38-39;
Markandeya Purana
49.13;
Kurma Purana
1.15.29-33.
33
Devibhagavata Purana
7.30.
34
Doniger and Smith, “Sacrifice and Substitution.”
35
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 123-29.
36
Flood,
Introduction
, 192.
37
Devi-bhagavata Purana
7.30.27-37, 40-50;
Brahmavaivarta Purana
4.42-43;
Maha-bhagavata Purana
11-23;
Skanda Purana, Kedara Khanda
162; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 249-51.
38
Markandeya Purana
85-90.
39
Markandeya Purana
80.21-44; cf.
Skanda Purana
3.1.6.8-42; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 240-49.
40
Skanda Purana
1.3.1.10.1-60.
41
Devi-Bhagavata Purana
5.2-11; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women, Androgynes
, 82.
42
Skanda Purana
1.3.2.18-21.
43
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 21.
44
Flood,
Introduction
, 158.
45
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 9, 123, 159.
46
Flood,
Introduction
, 158.
49
Kripal, “Hinduism and Popular Western Culture.”
50
Kurma Purana
1.16.109-20; Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil
, 310.
51
Devi-bhagavata Purana
7.39.26-32.
52
Woodruffe,
Shakti and Shakta
, 570; Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil
, 318.
53
White,
Kiss of the Yogini,
254, 211.
54
Mahayoga Tantra
, cited by Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog,” 385.
55
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 253.
56
Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog.”
57
Mahanirvana Tantra
6.1-20.
58
Flood,
Introduction
, 189.
59
White,
Kiss of the Yogini,
220.
63
Markandeya Purana
85-90.
64
Vamana Purana
44.30-38;
Markandeya Purana
88.39-61;
Matsya Purana
179.1-86; O’Flaherty,
Women
, 34.
65
Padma Purana
1.46.1-32, 47-108, 119-21;
Skanda Purana
1.2.27-29 (Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 251-61);
Matsya Purana
154-57.
66
Urban, “Matrix of Power.”
67
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 68.
72
Flood,
Introduction,
166.
73
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 235.
76
Mahanirvana Tantra
6.20.
78
White,
Kiss of the Yogini,
77, 268-71.
79
Sanjukta Gupta, “The Domestication of a Goddess,” 62.
80
Mahanirvana Tantra
6.1-20.
81
Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog,” 392-93.
83
Flood,
Introduction,
191.
84
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 82.
86
Bharati, “Making Sense out of Tantrism and Tantrics,” 53.
87
Urban,
The Economics of Ecstasy,
82-90;
Magia Sexualis
, 91-92;
Tantra
, 9-10, 41, 229.
88
Urban, “Matrix of Power.”
89
Flood,
Introduction,
195-96.
90
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 253-54.
91
Flood,
Introduction
, 191-92.
92
As the historian Kshemendra reports, in Kashmir in the tenth or eleventh century CE.
93
Flood,
Introduction
, 161.
94
Skanda Purana
1.8.18-19.
95
Mahanirvana Tantra
14.180-89.
96
Skanda Purana
4.2.87-89.
97
Bipradas,
Manasabijay
, 235, cited by Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 227.
98
Banerjea,
The Development of Hindu Iconography
.
99
Mahanirvana Tantra
6.104-19.
102
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 56.
103
Ibid., 48; cf. Dehejia,
Indian Art,
128.
104
Mitter,
Indian Art,
48; cf. Dehejia,
Indian Art
, 128-31.
106
Mitter,
Indian Art,
53-54.
107
Dehejia,
Indian Art
, 132-33.
108
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Dreams
, 94-95.
109
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 66-67
110
Devangana Desai,
Religious Imagery
, 153.
113
Michell,
Hindu Art and Architecture
, 30.
114
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 79, citing Michael Meister.
116
Flood,
Introduction,
158.
117
Devangana Desai,
Religious Imagery
.
118
Dehejia,
Yogini, Cult and Temples
.
119
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 81.
120
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 12.
121
Mitter,
Indian Art,
42-43.
123
Michell,
Hindu Art and Architecture,
29.
125
Rushdie, “Introduction” to the
Baburnama
.