The Imjin War (86 page)

[421]
Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 1, 674 and 677-678.

[422]
Yu Song-nyong, 163-164;
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 7, 113-114 (5/2/Sonjo 26; Mar. 7, 1593);
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 8-9 (1/Sonjo 26; Feb. 1593); Goodrich, vol. 1, 833-834; Murdoch, 345; Elisonas, “Trinity,” 280-281; Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 143-148.

[423]
Yu Song-nyong, 164; Goodrich, vol. 1, 834.

[424]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 9 (1/Sonjo 26; Feb. 1593); Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 143.

[425]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 13 (2/Sonjo 26; Mar. 1593).

[426]
Samuel Dukhae Kim, 94.

[427]
Yu Song-nyong, 170.

[428]
Hanguk chongsin, vol. 1, 160; Wilbur D. Bacon, “Fortresses of Kyonggi-do,”
Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
37 (1961): 16.

[429]
Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 1, 697 and 699.

[430]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 14 (2/Sonjo 26; Mar. 1593); Sin Kyong, “Chaejo bonbangji,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 170-171; Kang Song-mun, “Haengju daechop-eso-ui Kwon Yul chonnyak-gwa chonsul,” in
Imjin waeran-gwa Kwon Yul changgun
, ed. Chang Chong-dok and Pak Jae-gwang (Seoul: Chonjaeng kinyomgwan, 1999), 110-113.

[431]
Sansom, 358.

Chapter 18: Seoul Retaken

[432]
Elisonas, “Trinity,” 281; Goodrich, vol. 1, 834.

[433]
Park Yune-hee, 182.

[434]
Hideyoshi to Maa, 26/12/Bunroku 1 (Jan. 28, 1593), in Boscaro, 49. (Maa, the twenty-one-year-old daughter of Maeda Toshiie, was one of Hideyoshi’s concubines.)

[435]
Mashita Nagamori, Ishida Mitsunari, Otani Yoshitsugu, Kato Mitsuyasu, Maeno Nagayasu, Kuroda Nagamasa, Konishi Yukinaga, Mori Yoshinari, Kato Kiyomasa, Nabeshima Naoshige, Fukushima Masanori, Ikoma Chikamasa, Hachizuka Iemasa, Otomo Yoshimune, Yoshikawa Hiroie, Kobayakawa Takakage, and Ukita Hideie to Hideyoshi, 3/3/Bunroku 2 (April 4, 1593), in Katano, 243-244.

[436]
Sonjo sillok
, vols. 8-9, passim (4-9/Sonjo 26; May-Oct. 1593).

[437]
Dispatch of 6/4/Wanli 21 (May 6, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Imjin changch’o,
88.

[438]
Ibid.

[439]
Diary entry for 18/2/Kyesa (Mar. 20, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 16.

[440]
Dispatch of 17/2/Wanli 21 (Mar. 19, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Imjin changch’o
, 87-88.

[441]
Dispatch 6/4/Wanli 21 (May 6, 1593), ibid., 90-91.

[442]
Ibid., 94.

[443]
Diary entry for 22/2/Kyesa (Mar. 24, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 18.

[444]
Diary entry for 4/3/Kyesa (April 5, 1593), ibid., 20.

[445]
Dispatch of 6/4/Wanli 21 (May 6, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Imjin changch’o
, 92.

[446]
Diary entries for 8/2/Kyesa-20/3/Kyesa (Mar. 10-April 21, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 13-23.

[447]
Dispatch of 6/4/Wanli 21 (May 6, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Imjin changch’o
, 93.

[448]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 17 (4/Sonjo 26; May 1593); Goodrich, vol. 1, 834; Ledyard, “Confucianism,” 85.

[449]
Yu Song-nyong, 178.

[450]
Cholla Province Army Commander Kwon Yul moved his base to Paju shortly after his victory in the Battle of Haengju in the middle of March.

[451]
Yu Song-nyong,
178-180.

[452]
Stramigioli,104-105.

[453]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 17-18 (4/Sonjo 26; May 1593).

[454]
Ibid., 18; Kuno, vol. 1, 164-165.

[455]
Murdoch, 345-346; Kuno, vol. 1, 165-166; Aston, 32-33.

[456]
Cho Kyong-nam, “Nanjung chapnok,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 176;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 18-19 (4/Sonjo 26; May 1593).

[457]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 8, 64-65 (24/4/Sonjo 26; May 24, 1593), and 81-82 (28/4/Sonjo 26; May 28, 1593).

[458]
Ibid
.
, vol. 8, 8 (3/4/Sonjo 26; May 3, 1593); Goodrich, vol. 1, 964-965; Hulbert, vol. 2, 14.

[459]
O. W. Wolters, “Ayudhya and the Rearward Part of the World,”
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
, (1968): 166-172; Geoff Wade, “The
Ming shi-lu
as a Source for Thai History—Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries,”
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
31, no. 2 (Sept. 2000): 293.

[460]
Yu Song-nyong, 183-184;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 18-19 (4/Sonjo 26; May 1593).

[461]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 21-22 (5/Sonjo 26; June 1593).

[462]
Hulbert, vol. 2, 11-12.

[463]
Yu Song-nyong, 184-185;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 18-19 (4/Sonjo 26; May 1593).

[464]
Cho Kyong-nam, “Nanjung japnok,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 176; Hulbert, vol. 2, 12.

[465]
Yu Song-nyong, 185;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 20 (5/Sonjo 26; June 1593); Goodrich, vol. 1, 965.

[466]
Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 1721, identifies the seventeen camps as follows: two at Sosaengpo (Kato Kiyomasa and others); Ilgwangpo (Ito Yuhei, Shimazu Tadatoyo and others); Kijang (Kuroda Nagamasa); Tongnae (Kikkawa Hiroie); two at Pusan (Mori Terumoto); two at Kimhae (Nabeshima Naoshige); Kadok Island (Kobayakawa Takakage, Tachibana Munetora and others); Angolpo (Wakizaka Yasuharu); three at Ungchon (Konishi Yukinaga, So Yoshitoshi, Matsuura Shigenobu and others); and three on Koje Island (Shimazu Yoshihiro and others). According to
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 20–21 (5/Sonjo 26; June 1593), there were only sixteen camps.

[467]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 8, 125-126 (21/5/Sonjo 26; June 19, 1593).

Chapter 19: Negotiations at Nagoya, Slaughter at Chinju

[468]
Hideyoshi to O-Ne, no date (context suggests early May 1593), in Boscaro,
Letters
, 53.

[469]
A.D. Sadler,
The Maker of Modern Japan. The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu
(London: George Allen & Unwin, 1937), 179.

[470]
Cho Chung-hwa,
Paro chapun
, 69-71. Among the candidates rumored to have been Yodogimi’s lover were Hideyoshi intimate Ono Harunaga, the actor Nagoya Sansu, and Ishida Mitsunari. Ishida can be ruled out, for he was in Korea when Yodogimi conceived in late November or early December 1592. Cho Chung-hwa suggests that the rumors concerning Ishida may have been started by Kato Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori in order to damage his reputation.

[471]
Sansom, 365.

[472]
Hideyoshi to Fuku (Ukita Hideie’s mother), 27/5/Bunroku 2 (July 26, 1593), in Boscaro,
Letters
, 57.

[473]
Michael Cooper,
Rodrigues the Interpreter
(New York: Weatherhill, 1974), 99;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 23 (6/Sonjo 26; July 1593).

[474]
Katano, 252-257.

[475]
Griffis,
Corea
, 124.

[476]
After his escape from Nagoya and return to Korea in September of 1593, Che Man-chun was interrogated by Yi Sun-sin, and his report forwarded to the Korean court at Hwangju (Dispatch of 8/Wanli 21 [Aug. 1593], Yi Sun-sin,
Imjin changch’o
, 116-117).

[477]
Miyamoto Musashi,
The Book of Five Rings
, trans. Thomas Cleary (Boston: Shambhala, 1993), 34.

[478]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 24-25 (6/Sonjo 26; July 1593).

[479]
Yu Song-nyong, 189.

[480]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 9, 61 (16/7/Sonjo 26; Aug. 12, 1593). According to Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 1, 723, Kim Chon-il had five hundred men, and Choi Kyong-hoe had six hundred.

[481]
According to Choi Hyo-sik, there were some 8,000 Korean defenders present at the Second Battle of Chinju: a local garrison of 2,400, plus 3,000 reinforcements under Kim Chon-il, Hwang Jin, and Choi Kyong-hoe, plus units of uibyong and monk-soldiers. (
Imjin waeran-gi Yongnam uibyong yongu
[Seoul: Kukhakjaryowon, 2003], 92-93). According to Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 1, 723, reinforcements under Kim, Hwang, and Choi totaled only 1,800.

[482]
This figure of 93,000, which is the one commonly quoted in accounts of the battle, is taken from Japanese sources, and may be too high. According to
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 24 (6/Sonjo 26; July 1593), the attacking Japanese army totaled only 30,000. Che Man-chun, a Korean naval officer captured by the Japanese and pressed into service as a clerk under Hideyoshi at Nagoya, also stated that 30,000 Japanese troops were present at the Second Battle of Chinju (Dispatch of 8/Wanli 21 (Aug. 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Imjin changch’o
, 118).

[483]
Sin Kyong, “Chaejo bonbangji,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 179.

[484]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 26-27 (6/Sonjo 26; July 1593).

[485]
Griffis,
Corea,
125; Aston, 36; Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 158-159.

[486]
Kuroda Kafu, in Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 159.

[487]
Palais,
Confucian Statecraft
, 83.

[488]
This account of the second battle of Chinju is based mainly on
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 26-29 (6/Sonjo 26; July 1593);
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 9, 61-64 (16/7/Sonjo 26; Aug. 12, 1593); Yu Song-nyong, 187-190; Sin Kyong, “Chaejo bonbangji,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 177-180; and Hong Yang-ho, “Haedongmyong jangjin,” ibid., 186-187. According to the Japanese account in the
Taikoki
, 25,000 Koreans were killed in the battle. Most of these “fell from the cliffs and were drowned” (Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 160).

[489]
Yu Mong-in,
Ou yadam
, in Chong Dong-ju,
Non-gae
(Seoul: Hangilsa, 1998), 152-153.
Ou yadam
, written in 1621, contains the earliest known account of the Non-gae story.

[490]
Kuno, vol. 1, 329-332.

[491]
Elisonas, “Trinity,” 282.

[492]
Kuno, vol. 1, 328-329. An alternate translation appears in Berry, 214.

[493]
Stramigioli, 106-107.

[494]
Berry, 215.

[495]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 9, 74 (18/7/Sonjo 26; Aug. 14, 1593).

[496]
Diary entries for 7-11/7/Kyesa (Aug. 3-7, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 45-48.

[497]
M. Steichen,
The Christian Daimyo. A Century of Religious and Political History in Japan (1549-1650)
(Tokyo: Rikkyo Gakuin Press, c. 1900), 196. It was common practice in Japan at this time for a vassal to assume the surname of his master. In his dealings with the Chinese, Naito Joan thus referred to himself as “Konishi Joan.” Similarly, in their initial meetings with Shen Weijing in the fall of 1592, Konishi Yukinaga and So Yoshitoshi introduced themselves as “Toyotomi Yukinaga” and “Toyotomi Yoshitoshi.”

[498]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 9, 196 (5/8/Sonjo 26; Aug. 30, 1593), and  214 (23/8/Sonjo 26; Sept. 17, 1593).

[499]
Ibid, vol. 9, 15 (6/7/Sonjo 26; Aug. 2, 1593).

[500]
Ibid., vol. 9, 11-12 (5/7/Sonjo 26; Aug. 1, 1593).

[501]
Dispatch of 10/8/Wanli 21 (Sept. 4, 1593), Yi Sun-sin,
Imjin changch’o
, 104.

[502]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 9, 297 (16/9/Sonjo 26; Oct. 10, 1593).

[503]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 37-38 (8/Sonjo 26; Sept. 1593). According to Huang, “Lung-ch’ing,” 570, 16,000 Ming troops were left in Korea.

[504]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 39 (8/Sonjo 26; Sept. 1593).

[505]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 9, 189-193 (14/8/Sonjo 26; Sept. 8, 1593).

[506]
Goodrich, vol. 1, 834-835.

[507]
Cooper,
Rodrigues
, 104.

[508]
Hideyoshi to O-Ne, 9/8/Bunroku 2 (Sept. 4, 1593), in Boscaro,
Letters
, 59.

Chapter 20: Factions, Feuds, and Forgeries

[509]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 40 (10/Sonjo 26; Oct.-Nov. 1593); Clark and Clark, 75, 87-88, 103, and 105; Hong Soon-min, “Transformation of the Choson Dynasty Palaces and the Kyonghui Palace,”
Seoul Journal of Korean Studies
10 (1997): 128.