The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (74 page)

28.
Parker,
Grand Strategy
, p. 101.

29.
Paula Sutter Fichtner,
Emperor Maximilian II
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 183–4.

30.
Declaration de la cause et occasion de la mort de l'admiral
(Paris: Jean Dallier, 1572); FB 12209–12217, 12230–12231.

31.
Hurtubise, ‘Comment Rome apprit la nouvelle’, p. 202.

32.
Le stratagem ou la ruse de Charles IX
(Geneva: Jacob Stoer, 1574); FB 8814. The original Italian edition (Rome, 1572) is USTC 818499.

33.
Kingdon,
Myths about the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
The classic treatment of this literature is Quentin Skinner,
The Foundations of Modern Political Thought
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).

34.
Kingdon,
Myths about the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
, pp. 28–50. Many of the most important contemporary published documents are collected in Simon Goulart,
Mémoires de l'estat de France sous Charles neufiesme
(Geneva: Vignon, 1576).

35.
The best account is Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker,
The Spanish Armada
, 2nd edn (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999). For the ground-breaking archaeological investigations that underpin this study, Colin Martin,
Full Fathom Five: The Wrecks of the Spanish Armada
(London: Chatto & Windus, 1975).

36.
Jean Delumeau,
Vie économique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle
(Paris: Boccard, 1957–9), p. 60.

37.
Ibid., p. 35.

38.
De Lamar Jensen,
Diplomacy and Dogmatism: Bernardino de Mendoza and the French Catholic League
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 156–7.

39.
Copie d'une lettre envoyée de Dieppe, sur la rencontre des armées d'Espaigne & d'Angleterre
(Paris: Guillaume Chaudiere, 1588); USTC 8949. There were four 1588 editions in all, including reprints in Lyon and Toulouse. USTC 12721, USTC 53285.

40.
Discours veritable de ce qui s'est passé entre les deux armées de Mer d'Angleterre & d'Espaigne
(s.l, s.n. 1588). It was, though, republished in stoutly Protestant La Rochelle, and anonymously elsewhere. USTC 19491 for the La Rochelle edition.

41.
Bertrand T. Whitehead,
Brags and Boasts: Propaganda in the Year of the Armada
(Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994), p. 109.

42.
Parker,
Grand Strategy
, pp. 223–4. For the Elizabethan efforts at intelligence gathering, Alan Haynes,
Invisible Power: The Elizabethan Secret Service, 1570–1603
(Stroud: Sutton, 1992); Stephen Alford,
The Watchers: A Secret History of the Reign of Elizabeth I
(London: Allen Lane, 2012).

43.
Parker,
Grand Strategy
, p. 270.

44.
Stuart Carroll,
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 281–92.

45.
Delumeau,
Vie économique et sociale de Rome
, p. 54.

46.
Ibid., p. 59.

47.
Ibid., p. 61.

48.
See, for the context of these negotiations, Michael Wolfe,
The Conversion of Henry IV
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).

49.
Delumeau,
Vie économique et sociale de Rome
, p. 58.

50.
Corte verhael vande groote victorie die Godt almachtich de conincklijcke mayesteyt van Enghelant verleent heft, over de Spaensche armada
(Amsterdam: Barent Adriaesnz, 1588); USTC 422639.

51.
Le discourse de la deffette des Anglois par l'armée espagnolle conduicte par le marquis de Saincte Croix espagnol, aux Illes Orcades
(Paris: François Le Fèvre, 1588); USTC 9650.

52.
As reported in a newsletter of 3 September. Brendan Dooley, ‘Sources and Methods in Information History: The Case of Medici Florence, the Armada and the Siege of Ostende’, in Joop W. Koopmans (ed.),
News and Politics in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800)
(Louvain: Peeters, 2005), p. 39.

53.
The ballads entered for publication in the Stationers’ registers are listed in Whitehead,
Brags and Boasts
, pp. 209–11. John J. McAleer, ‘Ballads on the Spanish Armada’,
Texas Studies in Literature and Language
, 4 (1963), pp. 602–12.

54.
STC 6558. Illustrated Whitehead,
Brags and Boasts
, p. 126.

55.
A true discourse of the Armie which the kinge of Spaine caused to be assembled in the haven of Lisbon
(London: John Wolfe, 1588); STC 22999, USTC 510911.

56.
Le vray discours de l'armee, que le roy catholique a faict assembler ay port de la ville de Lisbone
(Paris: Chaudière, 1588); USTC 19534. There is also an abbreviated Dutch version:
De wonderlijcke groote Armade die den Coninck van Spaengien heft toegherust op Enghelandt
(Gent: Jan van Salenson, 1588); USTC 413911.

57.
A pack of Spanish lyes sent abroad in the world
(London: Christopher Barker, 1588); STC 23011, USTC 510912; Whitehead,
Brags and Boasts
, pp. 197–8. The irony, of course, is that England was one of the last print cultures to abandon the old-fashioned Gothic in favour of Roman type. Spain was well ahead in this respect.

58.
Christina Borreguero Beltrán, ‘Philip of Spain: The Spider's Web of News and Information’, in Brendan Dooley (ed.),
The Dissemination of News and the Emergence of Contemporaneity in Early Modern Europe
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010), pp. 23–49, here p. 31.

59.
Beltrán, ‘Philip of Spain’, p. 33.

60.
Below, Chapter 8.

61.
Parker,
Grand Strategy
, p. 244.

62.
No fewer than ten Italian states kept resident ambassadors in Spain, quite apart from those from the western nation states. Parker,
Grand Strategy
, p. 218.

63.
Ibid., p. 20.

64.
Ibid.

65.
Ibid., p. 65.

66.
Geoffrey Parker,
The Dutch Revolt
(London: Allan Lane, 1977).

Chapter 8 Speeding the Posts

1.
Johannes Weber, ‘Strassburg 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe’,
German History
, 24 (2006), pp. 387–412.

2.
See below; and above, Chapter 2.

3.
Wolfgang Behringer,
Thurn und Taxis. Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen
(Munich: Piper, 1990); idem,
Im Zeichen des Merkur. Reichspost und Kommunications-revolution in der Frühen Neuzeit
(Göttingen:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003). A summary of the argument is presented in Wolfgang Behringer, ‘Communications Revolutions’, in
German History
, 24 (2006), pp. 333–74.

4.
Behringer,
Thurn und Taxis
, p. 18.

5.
Ibid., pp. 41–6; idem,
Im Zeichen des Merkur
, p. 63.

6.
Behringer,
Im Zeichen des Merkur
, pp. 80–82.

7.
Behringer,
Thurn und Taxis
, pp. 52–4, 79–83.

8.
E. John B. Allen, ‘The Royal Posts of France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries’,
Postal History Journal
, 15 (1971), pp. 13–17.

9.
Philip Beale,
A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 1988).

10.
Ibid., p. 119.

11.
Ibid., p. 122.

12.
Ibid., p. 142.

13.
Philip Beale, Adrian Almond and Mike Scott Archer,
The Corsini Letters
(Stroud: Amberley, 2011).

14.
Behringer,
Thurn und Taxis
, pp. 49–50.

15.
Wolfgang Behringer, ‘Fugger und Taxis. Der Anteil Augsburger Kaufleute an der Entstehung des europäischen Kommunikationssystems’, in Johannes Burkhardt (ed.),
Augsburger Handelshäuser im Wandel des historischen Urteils
(Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1996), pp. 24–48.

16.
Hans and Marx Fugger stood godfather to Octavia von Taxis in 1572, and Hans Fugger acted as executor for the Augsburg postmaster Seraphin in 1582. Behringer, ‘Fugger und Taxis’, in Burkhardt (ed.),
Augsburger Handelshäuser
, pp. 241–8.

17.
Von Sautter, ‘Auffindung einer grossen Anzahl verschlossener Briefe aus dem Jahre 1585’,
Archiv für Post und Telegraphie
, 4 (1909), pp. 97–115.

18.
Von Sautter, ‘Briefe aus dem Jahre 1585’, pp. 107–9.

19.
A. L. E. Verheyden, ‘Une correspondance ineditée addressée par des familles protestantes des Pays-Bas à leurs coreligionnaires d'Angleterre (11 novembre 1569–25 février 1570)’,
Bulletin de la Commission Royale d'Histoire
, 120 (1955), pp. 95–257.

20.
The letters are discussed in Andrew Pettegree,
Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 221–5.

21.
See Chapter 7 above.

22.
M. A. H. Fitzler,
Die Entstehung der sogenannten Fuggerzeitungen in der Wiener Nationalbibliothek
(Vienna: Rohrer, 1937), p. 61.

23.
Behringer,
Thurn und Taxis
, p. 52.

24.
Ibid., p. 56.

25.
Behringer,
Im Zeichen des Merkur
, pp. 132–6.

26.
Erich Kuhlmann, ‘Aus Hamburgs älterer Postgeschichte’,
Archiv für deutsche Postgeschichte
,
Sonderheft
(1984), pp. 36–68.

27.
Behringer,
Thurn und Taxis
, p. 58.

28.
Reproduced in ibid., pp. 70–1.

29.
Behringer,
Im Zeichen des Merkur
, pp. 177–88.

30.
Ibid., p. 178.

31.
Ibid., pp. 205–11.

32.
Swedish involvement in the international diplomacy of these years was graphically demonstrated by the discovery in 1936 of the largest known surviving collection of seventeenth-century newspapers in the stacks of the Royal Library in Stockholm. See Folke Dahl,
The Birth of the European Press as Reflected in the Newspaper Collection of the Royal Library
(Stockholm: Rundqvists Boktryckeri, 1960).

33.
See below, Chapter 10.

34.
Klaus Beyrer,
Die Postkutschenreise
(Tübingen: Ludwig-Uhland-Instituts, 1985); idem, ‘The Mail-Coach Revolution: Landmarks in Travel in Germany between the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Centuries’,
German History
, 24 (2006), pp. 375–86.

Chapter 9 The First Newspapers

1.
Johannes Weber, ‘Strassburg 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe’,
German History
, 24 (2006), pp. 387–412.

2.
Elizabeth Armstrong,
Before Copyright: The French Book-Privilege System, 1498–1526
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

3.
The University of Heidelberg has an almost complete run for this year, which has now been digitised: http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/relation1609.

4.
Johannes Weber, ‘“Unterthenige Supplication Johann Caroli, Buchtruckers.” Der Beginn gedruckter politischer Wochenzeitungen im Jahre 1605’,
Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens
, 38 (1992), pp. 257–65.

5.
The standard directory of early German newspapers is Else Bogel and Elgar Blühm,
Die deutschen Zeitungen des 17. Jahrhunderts. Ein Bestandverzeichnis
, 2 vols (Bremen: Schünemann, 1971);
Nachtrag
(Munich: Saur, 1985). See also Holger Böning,
Deutsche Presse. Biobibliographische Handbücher zur Geschichte der deutschsprachigen periodischen Presse von den Anfängen bis 1815
, 6 vols (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1996–2003).