The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (70 page)

20.
Origo,
Datini
, pp. 85–6.

21.
Ibid., p. 86.

22.
Robert S. Lopez and Irving W. Raymond,
Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955), no. 193; Gunnar Dahl,
Trade, Trust and Networks: Commercial Cultures in Late Medieval Italy
(Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 1998), p. 82.

23.
Lopez and Raymond,
Medieval Trade
, no. 194; Dahl,
Trade
, p. 82.

24.
Dahl,
Trade
, p. 83.

25.
Gertrude R. B. Richards (ed.),
Florentine Merchants in the Age of the Medici: Letters and Documents from the Selfridge Collection of Medici Manuscripts
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932), p. 109; Dahl,
Trade
, p. 83.

26.
Paolo da Certaldo,
Libro di buoni costumi
, ed. Alfredo Schiaffini (Florence, 1946), pp. 149–50.

27.
Goldthwaite,
Economy of Renaissance Florence
, p. 95.

28.
Theodor Gustav Werner, ‘Das kaufmännische Nachrichtenwesen im späten Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit und sein Einfluss auf die Entstehung der handschriftlichen Zeitung’,
Scripta Mercaturae
(1975), pp. 3–51.

29.
Goldthwaite,
Economy of Renaissance Florence
, p. 94.

30.
George Christ, ‘A Newsletter in 1419? Antonio Morosini's Chronicle in the Light of Commercial Correspondence between Venice and Alexandria’,
Mediterranean Historical Review
, 20 (2005), pp. 35–66, here pp. 41–2.

31.
Richards,
Florentine Merchants
, 263; Dahl,
Trade
, p. 116.

32.
Dahl,
Trade
, p. 104. They were, however, permitted to play chess, to while away the long evenings.

33.
Dahl,
Trade
, p. 119.

34.
Lane,
Andrea Barbarigo
, pp. 127–8.

35.
Marin Sanudo,
I diarii
, 58 vols (Venice: Visentini, 1879–1903); Pierre Sardella,
Nouvelles et spéculations à Venise au début du XVIe siècle
(Paris: Colin, 1949). An elegant English translation of selections from Sanudo can be found in Patricia H. Labalme and Laura Sanguieti White (eds),
Cità Excelentissima: Selections from the Renaissance Diaries of Marin Sanudo
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).

36.
Sardella,
Nouvelles
, p. 21.

37.
Ibid., p. 32.

38.
G. Priuli,
I diarii
, 4 vols (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1912–39), I, 153, cited by Mario Infelise, ‘From Merchants’ Letters to Handwritten Political
Avvisi
: Notes on the Origins of Public Information’, in Francisco Bethercourt and Florike Egmond (eds),
Correspondence and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 33–52.

39.
Sardella,
Nouvelles
, p. 42.

40.
Ibid., p. 50.

41.
The scale of charges comes from an example of 1538; Sardella,
Nouvelles
, p. 50.

42.
Wolfgang Behringer,
Im Zeichen des Merkur: Reichspost und Kommunikationsrevolution in der Frühen Neuzeit
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003), p. 51.

43.
Sardella,
Nouvelles
, pp. 56–71.

44.
Philippe Dollinger,
The German Hansa
(London: Macmillan, 1970); Tom Scott,
The City State in Europe, 1000–1600
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

45.
Lore Sporhan-Krempel,
Nürnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum zwischen 1400 und 1700
(Nuremberg: Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg, 1968), p. 19.

46.
Steven Ozment,
Three Behaim Boys: Growing up in Early Modern Germany
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990).

47.
Sporhan-Krempel,
Nürnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum
, p. 21; below, Chapter 3.

48.
Werner, ‘Das kaufmännische Nachrichtenwesen’, p. 11.

49.
Sporhan-Krempel,
Nürnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum
, p. 23.

50.
Werner, ‘Das kaufmännische Nachrichtenwesen’, p. 7; Sporhan-Krempel,
Nürnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum
, p. 21.

51.
Sporhan-Krempel,
Nürnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum
, p. 23.

Chapter 3 The First News Prints

1.
Phyllis Goodhart Gordan,
Two Renaissance Book Hunters: The Letters of Poggius Bracciolini to Nicolaus de Niccolis
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).

2.
Albert Kapr,
Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention
(Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996).

3.
For more on these events see Andrew Pettegree,
The Book in the Renaissance
(New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2010).

4.
Margaret Meserve, ‘News from Negroponte: Politics, Popular Opinion and Information Exchange in the First Decade of the Italian Press’,
Renaissance Quarterly
, 59 (2006), pp. 440–80. For Rhodes see the Universal Short Title Catalogue (USTC ) (search ‘Rhodes – 1480').

5.
Victor Scholderer, ‘The Petition of Sweynheim and Pannartz to Sixtus IV’,
The Library
, 3rd ser., 6 (1915), pp. 186–90, reprinted in his
Fifty Essays in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Bibliography
(Amsterdam: Hertzberger, 1966), pp. 72–3.

6.
Chapter 4, below.

7.
See here especially Falk Eisermann,
Verzeichnis der typographischen Einblattdrucke des 15. Jahrhunderts im Heiligen Römischen Reich Deutscher Nation: VE 15
(Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2004).

8.
R. N. Swanson,
Indulgences in Late Mediaeval England: Passport to Paradise?
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

9.
Pettegree,
Book in the Renaissance
, pp. 93–4; Paul Needham,
The Printer and the Pardoner
(Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1986), p. 31.

10.
See, for instance, USTC 743954, the indulgence of 1454 for contributions to the war against the Turks.

11.
Eyn Manung der Christenheit Widder die Durken
(1454). ISTC it00503500. GW M19909; Kapr,
Gutenberg
, pp. 212–14.

12.
Calixtus III,
Bulla Turcorum
(1456). ISTC ic00060000. GW 0591610N.
Die Bulla widder die Turcken
. ISTC ic00060100. GW 05916.

13.
Robert Schwoebel,
The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (1453–1517)
(Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967).

14.
Ibid., pp. 157–60, 166–71.

15.
Janus Møller Jensen,
Denmark and the Crusades, 1400–1650
(Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 131–2; Schwoebel,
Shadow of the Crescent
, pp. 157–60, 166–71.

16.
The ISTC identifies 179 items published in Germany either by or for Peraudi. Of these the vast proportion (170) are broadsheets. See also Nikolaus Paulus, ‘Raimund Peraudi als Ablasskommissar’,
Historisches Jahrbuch
, 21 (1900), pp. 645–82.

17.
Falk Eisermann, ‘The Indulgence as a Media Event’, in R. N. Swanson (ed.),
Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merits: Indulgences in Late Mediaeval Europe
(Leiden: Brill, 2006), pp. 309–30, here pp. 315–16.

18.
Jensen,
Denmark and the Crusades
, p. 138.

19.
Ingrid D. Rowland, ‘A Contemporary Account of the Ensisheim Meteorite, 1492’,
Meteoritics
, 25 (1990), pp. 19–22.

20.
Martin Davies,
Columbus in Italy
(London: British Library, 1991).

21.
Renate Pieper,
Die Vermittlung einer Neuen Welt: Amerika im Nachrichtennetz des Habsburgischen Imperiums, 1493–1598
(Mainz: Von Zabern, 2000), pp. 86, 287.

22.
Above, Chapter 2.

23.
The USTC lists editions of his
Mundus novus
in Latin, Italian, French and German, published in fourteen different locations.

24.
Pieper,
Die Vermittlung einer Neuen Welt
.

25.
Meserve, ‘News from Negroponte’.

26.
The three known printed editions are listed in Josef Benzing,
Lutherbibliographie. Verzeichnis der gedruckten Schriften Martin Luthers bis zu dessen Tod
, 2nd edn (Baden-Baden: Heitz, 1989), nos 87–9. The two broadsheet editions are not included in VD16, since broadsheets were excluded from the terms of reference of this bibliography.

27.
Theodor Gustav, Werner, ‘Das kaufmännische Nachrichtenwesen im späten Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit und sein Einfluss auf die Entstehung der handschriftlichen Zeitung’,
Scripta Mercaturae
(1975), p. 32.

28.
Léon-E. Halkin,
Erasmus: A Critical Biography
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), pp. 146–59.

29.
Ein Sermon von Ablass und gnade
; Benzing,
Lutherbibliographie
, nos 90–112.

30.
Mark U. Edwards,
Printing, Propaganda and Martin Luther
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994), p. 21, adjusted to take account of work subsequently undertaken for the USTC,
http://www.ustc.ac.uk/
.

31.
The USTC lists 9,469 titles printed in Wittenberg before 1601, of which only 123 were published before 1517.

32.
On Cranach see, most recently, Steven Ozment,
The Serpent and the Lamb
(New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2011).

33.
Max J. Friedländer and Jakob Rosenberg,
The Paintings of Lucas Cranach
(New York: Tabard Press, 1978); Werner Hofmann,
Köpfe der Lutherzeit
(Munich: Prestel, 1983).

34.
Cranach im Detail. Buchschmuck Lucas Cranachs des Älteren und seiner Werkstatt
(exhibition, Lutherhalle Wittenberg, 1994). On the development of the title page, see also Margaret Smith,
The Title Page: Its Early Development, 1460–1510
(London: British Library, 2000).

35.
Paul Roth,
Die Neuen Zeitungen in Deutschland im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert
(Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1914).

36.
An example being the long after-history of the defeat of Louis Jagiello at Mohács in 1526; Carl Göllner,
Turcica. Die europäischen Türkendrucke des 16. Jahrhundert
, 3 vols (Bucharest: Academiei, 1961–78).

37.
William Layher, ‘Horrors of the East: Printing
Dracole Wayda
in 15th-Century Germany’,
Daphnis
, 37 (2008), pp. 11–32.

38.
Below, Chapter 5.

39.
The first use of the term ‘Neue Zeitung’ is found in a double-sided broadsheet of 1502, the
Newe zeytung von orient und auff gange
, but here as a subheading to a subsidiary news item.
There is a facsimile edition, Hans H. Bockwitz,
Newe zeytung von orient und auff gange. Facsimileabdruck eines zeitungsgeschichtlichen Dokuments vom Jahre 1502 mit Begleitwort
(Leipzig: Deutsches Museum für Buch und Schrift, 1920).

40.
This calculation rests on an analysis of the data in the USTC.

41.
Newe Tzeittug von Padua und von vil anderen Stetten in welschen landen gelegen kurtzlich ergangen
(Nuremberg, s.n., 1509); USTC 677285.
Neutzeytug ausz welschen landen eyns handels fryde czu machen czwischen Bebstlicher Heyligkeit unnd dem Koenige von Franckreich durch mittel der oratores Kayserlichen Majestat der Koenige von Hyspanien und Engelant
(Nuremberg: Johann Weißenburger, 1510); USTC 677019.

42.
Göllner,
Turcica
, provides a useful, though now somewhat outdated survey.

43.
Below, Chapters 4 (broadsheets) and 6 (ballads).