The Jewish Annotated New Testament

THE JEWISH ANNOTATED NEW TESTAMENT

New Revised Standard Version

THE JEWISH ANNOTATED NEW TESTAMENT

New Revised Standard Version Bible Translation

Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Zvi Brettler

Editors

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New Revised Standard Version Bible copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.

Up to five hundred (500) verses of the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) Bible text may be quoted or reprinted without the express written permission of the publisher, provided that the verses quoted neither amount to a complete book of the Bible nor account for 50 % or more of the written text of the total work in which they are quoted. When the NRSV text is quoted, notice of copyright must appear on the title or copyright page of the work as follows:

The Scripture quotations contained herein are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and are used by permission. All rights reserved.

When quotations from the NRSV text are used in non-saleable media, such as church bulletins, orders of service, posters, transparencies, or similar media, the initials (NRSV) may be used at the end of each quotation.
Quotations or reprints in excess of five hundred (500) verses (as well as other permission requests) must be approved in writing by the NRSV Permissions Office, The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10115-0050.

Portions of the informational annotations for Luke and 2 Corinthians are based on those in The New Oxford Annotated Bible, fourth edition. Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Used by permission.
Part of the essay “Jewish History, 331 BCE – 135 CE” is adapted from “Introduction to the Apocrypha” in The Oxford Bible Commentary. Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press. Used by permission.

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EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Alan J. Avery-Peck –
The Second Letter of Paul to the Corinthians

Herbert Basser –
The Letter of James

Daniel Boyarin – Logos,
A Jewish Word: John’s Prologue as Midrash

Marc Zvi Brettler, Editor –
The New Testament between the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and Rabbinic Literature

Jonathan Brumberg-Kraus –
The Third Letter of John

Shaye J. D. Cohen –
The Letter of Paul to the Galatians; Judaism and Jewishness; Josephus

Michael Cook –
The Letter of Paul to the Philippians

Pamela Eisenbaum –
The Letter to the Hebrews

Michael Fagenblat –
The Concept of Neighbor in Jewish and Christian Ethics

Charlotte Elisheva Fonrobert –
Judaizers, Jewish Christians, and Others

David Frankfurter –
The Revelation to John

David M. Freidenreich –
Food and Table Fellowship

Julie Galambush –
The Second Letter of John

Aaron M. Gale –
The Gospel According to Matthew

Joshua D. Garroway – Ioudaios

Barbara Geller –
The Letter of Paul to Philemon

Gary Gilbert –
The Acts of the Apostles

Martin Goodman –
Jewish History, 331 BCE–135 CE

Leonard Greenspoon –
The Septuagint

Michael R. Greenwald –
The Second Letter of Peter; The Canon of the New Testament

Adam Gregerman –
The Second Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians

Maxine Grossman –
The Letter of Paul to the Ephesians; The Dead Sea Scrolls

Susannah Heschel –
Jesus in Modern Jewish Thought

Martha Himmelfarb –
Afterlife and Resurrection

Tal Ilan –
The Second Letter of Paul to Timothy

Andrew S. Jacobs –
The Letter of Jude

Jonathan Klawans –
The Law

Naomi Koltun-Fromm –
The First Letter of Paul to Timothy

Jennifer L. Koosed –
The Letter of Paul to Titus

Ross S. Kraemer –
Jewish Family Life in the First Century CE

Shira Lander –
The First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians

Daniel R. Langton –
Paul in Jewish Thought

Rebecca Lesses –
Divine Beings

David B. Levenson –
Messianic Movements

Amy-Jill Levine, Editor –
The Gospel According to Luke; Bearing False Witness: Common Errors Made about Early Judaism

Lee I. Levine –
The Synagogue

Martin Lockshin –
Jesus in Medieval Jewish Tradition

Michele Murray –
The First Letter of John

Mark D. Nanos –
The Letter of Paul to the Romans; Paul and Judaism

Adele Reinhartz –
The Gospel According to John

David Fox Sandmel –
The First Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians

David Satran –
Philo of Alexandria

Daniel R. Schwartz –
Jewish Movements of the New Testament Period

Naomi Seidman –
Translation of the Bible

Claudia Setzer –
The First Letter of Peter; Jewish Responses to Believers in Jesus

David Stern –
Midrash and Parables in the New Testament

Geza Vermes –
Jewish Miracle Workers in the Late Second Temple Period

Burton L. Visotzky –
Jesus in Rabbinic Tradition

Lawrence M. Wills –
The Gospel According to Mark

Peter Zaas –
The Letter of Paul to the Colossians

CONTENTS

The Editors’ Preface

Acknowledgments

To the Reader

Alphabetical Listing of the Books of the New Testament

Abbreviations

The New Testament

Matthew … … … … .
Introduction and Annotations by Aaron M. Gale

Mark … … … … … . .
Introduction and Annotations by Lawrence M. Wills

Luke … … … … … . .
Introduction and Annotations by Amy-Jill Levine

John… … … … … …
Introduction and Annotations by Adele Reinhartz

Acts of the Apostles…
Introduction and Annotations by Gary Gilbert

Romans … … … … . .
Introduction and Annotations by Mark D. Nanos