The King's Revenge (38 page)

The following is a list of all fifty-nine signatories to the warrant ordering the execution of Charles I (popularly known
as the death warrant) in the order their signatures appear. The absence of a date of birth indicates it is not known. Where
no cause of death is indicated, it should be taken as natural causes.

John Bradshaw: bap. 1602, lawyer, President of the High Court of Justice, died 1659; following the restoration, his body was
dug up for posthumous symbolic execution in 1661

Thomas Grey: Baron Grey of Groby, born 1622, died 1657

Oliver Cromwell: b. 1599, soldier, politician, Lord Protector (1653-8), died 1658; posthumous symbolic execution 1661

Edward Whalley: major-general; fled to New England and died in exile 1674/5

Sir Michael Livesey: b. 1614, politician; fled to Netherlands and died in exile 1665(?)

John Okey: bap. 1606, soldier; fled to Germany 1660; captured in the Netherlands by George Downing; forcibly returned to England
in 1661 and executed 1662

Sir John Danvers: b. 1584/5, politician, died 1655

Sir John Bourchier: b. 1595, politician; declared too ill for trial, died 1660

Henry Ireton: bap. 1611, major-general and political theorist; died of fever on campaign in Ireland 1651; posthumous symbolic
execution 1661

Sir Thomas Mauleverer: bap. 1599, politician, died 1655

Sir Hardress Waller: b. 1604, army officer; sentenced to death 1660; sentence commuted to life imprisonment; died Mount Orgueil
Castle, Jersey, 1666

John Blakiston: bap. 1603, politician, died 1649

John Hutchinson: bap. 1615, army officer; pardoned 1660 but after being implicated in 1663 Yorkshire rebellion was imprisoned
in Sandown Castle, Kent, where he died in 1664

William Goffe: major-general; fled to New England 1660 and died in exile 1679(?)

Thomas Pride: army officer, died 1658; marked for posthumous execution but body left undisturbed

Peter Temple: bap. 1599, soldier and politician, sentenced to death 1660; sentence commuted to life; died in the Tower 1663

Thomas Harrison: bap. 1616, army officer and Fifth Monarchist leader, executed 1660

John Hewson: shoemaker, army officer, governor of Dublin; fled to Amsterdam 1660 and died in exile 1661-2(?)

Henry Smith: b. 1619/20, politician, sentenced to death 1660; commuted to life imprisonment; died Gorey Castle, Jersey, in
or after 1668

Sir Peregrine Pelham: bap. 1602, politician, died 1650

Richard Deane: bap. 1610, army and naval officer; killed in action during naval Battle of Solebay against the Dutch 1653;
following the restoration his body was disinterred and buried in a communal pit

Robert Tichborne: b. 1610/11, politician, sentenced to death 1660; sentence commuted; died in the Tower 1682

Humphrey Edwards: b. 1582, politician, died 1658

Daniel Blagrave: bap. 1603, politician; fled to Aachen in 1660 and died in exile 1668(?)

Owen Rowe: b. 1592/3, merchant, sentenced to death; died in the Tower before sentence confirmed 1661.

William Purefoy: b. 1580(?), politician, died 1659

Adrian Scroop: b. 1601, army officer, executed 1660

James Temple: b. 1606, politician; sentenced to life imprisonment on Jersey, where he died 1674(?)

Augustine Garland: b. 1603, lawyer and politician; though sentenced to death in 1660, he was transported to Tangiers; it is
not known if an order for him to be returned and imprisoned in Southsea Castle was carried out; died in or after 1677

Edmund Ludlow: b. 1616/17(?), army general and politician; escaped to the Continent 1660, died Vevey, Switzerland, 1692

Henry (Harry) Marten: b. 1601/2; politician; sentenced to life imprisonment and died Chepstow Castle, 1680

Vincent Potter: b. 1614, army officer; sentenced to death 1660; died in the Tower before sentence could be carried out, probably
in 1661

Sir William Constable: bap. 1590, army officer, died 1655; disinterred after the restoration and his body thrown into a communal
pit

*Richard Ingoldsby: bap. 1617, army officer, politician; was pardoned and made a Knight of the Bath by Charles II for his
role in capturing parliamentarian general John Lambert in 1660; died 1685

William Cawley: bap. 1602, politician; escaped to Switzerland and died 1667

John Barkstead: escaped to Germany 1660; seized in the Netherlands, forcibly returned to England and executed 1662

Isaac Ewer: army officer, died 1650/1

John Dixwell: b. 1607, politician; escaped to Germany (Hanau), then America; died in New England, 1689

Valentine Walton: b. 1593/4, army officer; escaped to Germany (Hanau); moved to Flanders or the Netherlands; died 1661(?)

Simon Meyne: bap. 1612, politician; sentenced to death 1660; died in Tower before sentence could be carried out, 1661

Thomas Horton: bap. 1603, army officer, died 1649

John Jones: b. 1597(?) army officer, executed 1660

John Moore: b. 1599, army officer, died 1650

Gilbert Millington: b. 1598, lawyer, politician; death sentence commuted to life imprisonment; died Mount Orgueil Castle,
Jersey, 1666

George Fleetwood: bap. 1623, major-general; sentenced to be transported to Tangiers in 1664; unknown whether he was transported;
may have emigrated to North America; date of death unknown

John Alured: bap. 1607, army officer, died 1651

Robert Lilburne: bap. 1614, deputy major-general; death sentence commuted to life imprisonment; died in prison on St Nicholas
Island in Plymouth Sound, 1665

William Say: b. 1604, politician; escaped to the Continent 1660; lived in Switzerland, Germany and Netherlands, where he probably
died around 1666

Anthony Stapley: bap. 1590, politician, died 1655

Sir Gregory Norton: b. 1603, politician, died 1652

*Thomas Challoner (or Chaloner): b. 1595, fled to Netherlands 1660; died in Middelburg a few months later, in August 1660.

Thomas Wogan: b. 1620(?), army officer; imprisoned in York Castle; escaped to Netherlands 1664; died in or after 1667

John Venn: b. 1586, politician, died 1650

Gregory Clement: b. 1594, politician, executed 1660

John Downes: bap. 1609, politician; reprieved from execution and imprisoned for life; died in the Tower in or after 1666

Thomas Waite: army officer; sentenced to life imprisonment; died imprisoned on Jersey in or after 1668

Thomas Scot (or Scott): politician; fled to Flanders 1660; subsequently returned to England under disputed circumstances and
executed 1660

John Carew: b. 1622, politician and religious activist, executed 1660

Miles Corbet: b. 1594/5, politician; escaped to Netherlands, seized by George Downing along with Barkstead and Okey; forcibly
returned and executed 1662

*Richard Ingoldsby and Thomas Challoner were exceptional in not being present when the king was sentenced, though they later
signed the death warrant

Commissioners present when judgment was passed on the king but who did not sign the death warrant; numbering ten in total:

Francis Allen: merchant and politician, died 1658

Thomas Andrews: London merchant and Lord Mayor of London, died 1659

Thomas Hammond: b. before 1605, army officer, died 1651

Edmund Harvey: b. 1603(?), merchant; found guilty of treason 1660 but his life was spared; imprisoned 1661; died in Pendennis
Castle, Cornwall, 1673

William Heveningham: b. 1604; sentenced to death 1660, spared and sentenced to life imprisonment; died in Windsor Castle,
1678

Cornelius Holland: b. 1559, courtier and politician; fled to Continent; died Vevey, Switzerland, 1671

John Lisle: b. 1610(?), lawyer and politician; fled to Continent 1660; assassinated Lausanne, 1664

Nicholas Love: b. 1608, lawyer and politician; fled to Continent 1660; died in exile, Vevey, 1682

Isaac Pennington: b. 1584(?), merchant and Lord Mayor of London; sentenced to life imprisonment 1660; died in the Tower 1661

Matthew Tomlinson: b. 1617, army officer; given custody of the king during his trial and up to his execution; avoided trial
for treason in 1660; died 1681

Significant associates of the regicides:

Anthony Ascham: bap. 1614, diplomat and pamphleteer; assassinated Madrid, 1650

Daniel Axtell: bap. 1622, an officer of the guard at the trial of Charles I; executed 1660

Andrew Broughton: b. 1602/3, clerk to the High Court of Justice; died 1687/8

John Cook: bap. 1608, lawyer, solicitor-general and chief prosecutor at the trial of Charles I; executed 1660

Edward Dendy: bap. 1613, sergeant-at-arms for the court; arrest ordered 1660; fled and died Switzerland, 1674

John Desborough: b. 1608, leading parliamentarian soldier and politician; died 1680

Dr Isaac Dorislaus: b. 1595, scholar and diplomat, prosecution counsel for the trial of Charles I; assassinated in The Hague,
1649

Francis Hacker: officer commanding halberdiers at the trial of Charles I; signed the king’s execution order; executed 1660

Sir Arthur Haselrig: b. 1601, parliamentarian soldier and important Commonwealth politician; died 1661

George Joyce: b. 1618, army officer; arrest ordered in 1660; fled to Rotterdam with wife and family; last heard of on the
Continent 1670

John Lambert: b. 1619 (?), politician and landed parliamentarian soldier; died 1684

Hugh Peters (or Peter): bap. 1598, Puritan preacher and polemicist; executed 1660

John Phelps: b. 1619 (?), clerk to the High Court of Justice; died 1666 (?)

Algernon Sidney: b. 1623, aristocratic republican and political theorist; executed 1683

Sir Harry (Henry) Vane the younger: b. 1613, patrician Puritan and parliamentarian; executed 1662

(An (r) denotes a ‘regicide’ – i.e. a signatory to the king’s death warrant or a judge in the trial who voted for the king’s
guilt)

House of Stuart

King Charles I: succeeded to throne 1625; beheaded 1649.

Queen Henrietta Maria: Charles’s widow

King Charles II: Charles’ eldest son, reigned 1660–85

James, Duke of York: second son, reigned as James II 1685–8

Henry, Duke of Gloucester: third son

Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orléans: daughter of Charles I

Royalists

Sir Heneage Finch: solicitor-general after 1660

Sir John Grenville: royal emissary

Sir Edward Hyde: Charles II’s Chancellor, later Earl of Clarendon

John Mordaunt: leading royalist agent in England 1658–60

Marchmont Needham: master propagandist for the Stuarts (and for the Cromwellians)

Sir Edward Nicholas: secretary of state for Charles I and Charles II

Arundel Penruddock: widow of leader of the Penruddock uprising

William Prynne: archivist/lawyer, former critic of the crown

Silius Titus: courtier

Barbara Villiers: royal mistress

Lucy Walter: royal mistress

Cromwellians

Oliver Cromwell: Lord General 1649, Lord Protector 1653–8 (r)

Richard Cromwell: Lord Protector 1658–9

Sir Charles Coote: Anglo-Irish magnate

Sir George Downing: army intelligence chief

William Goffe: major-general (r)

Richard Ingoldsby: colonel (r)

Henry Ireton: general, Lord Deputy in Ireland and Cromwell’s son-in-law (r)

George Monck: commander-in-chief in Scotland and suspected royalist

Thomas Pride: colonel, notorious for ‘Pride’s Purge’ (r)

John Thurloe: secretary of state and spymaster

Sir Edward Whalley: major-general (r)

Parliamentary soldiers

John Desborough: general

Sir Thomas Fairfax: Lord General in first Civil War

Charles Fleetwood: commander-in-chief 1659

John Lambert: general

Republicans

John Bradshaw: President of High Court of Justice (r)

Thomas Harrison: cavalry general and religious extremist (r)

Sir Arthur Haselrig: MP and dominant voice in Rump Parliament 1659–60

John Lisle: MP, barrister (r)

Edmund Ludlow: commander-in-chief, Ireland (r)

Elizabeth Ludlow: wife of Edmund

John Milton: poet, parliamentary advisor on foreign affairs

Hugh Peters: Puritan preacher

Thomas Scot: Secretary of Council of State 1659–60 (r)

Algernon Sidney: aristocratic republican and political theorist

Sir Harry Vane: MP, political and religious radical

Officers of the guard during the trial

Daniel Axtell

Francis Hacker

Matthew Tomlinson

Covenanters

Archibald Campbell, Marquis of Argyll

Archibald Johnston, Laird of Wariston

Officials and advisors

Richard Brandon: public executioner

John Cook: lawyer, prosecutor in king’s trial

Edward Dendy: sergeant-at-arms

Isaac Dorislaus: legal academic

Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke: lawyer MP

Spies, plotters and assassins

Joseph Bampfield: mercenary colonel

Aphra Behn: novelist

Abraham Kicke: merchant

Germaine (or John) Riordane: assassin

William Scot: son of executed regicide, double agent

Edward Sexby: disillusioned Cromwellian and royalist plotter

Miles Sindercombe: renegade Roundhead and hired assassin

1 The Watchtower

1
Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), SP 29/86.

2
Edmund Ludlow,
Memoirs
, printed Vevey, Switzerland, 1698.

3
Maurice Ashley,
Charles II: The Man and Statesman
, 1971

4
Edmund Ludlow,
A Voyce from the Watchtower
, Part 5, 1660–62, ed. Blair Worden, Royal Historical Society, 1978.

5
Ibid.

6
Ibid.

7
Letters of King Charles II
, ed. Arthur Bryant, 1931.

8
Memoires de Mlle. De Montpensier
, ed. A. Cheruel, 1889.

9
Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle,
Life of the Duke of Newcastle
, ed. C.H. Firth, 1886.

10
Ibid.

11
Ibid.

12
‘The Parliaments’ Commission to the Earl of Essex to be Captain-General of their Army’,
Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–60
, 1911.

13
Isaiah 21, 6–9.

14
Ludlow,
A Voyce
.

2. ‘That Man of Blood
’

1
‘Heads of the Proposals’, 1647. See S. R. Gardiner,
Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution
,
http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur071.htm
.

2
Sir William Clarke Papers, PRO.

3
Sarah Poynting, ‘Decyphering the King: Charles I’s letters to Jane Whorwood’,
The Seventeenth Century
(2006), vol. 21, no. 1.

4
Ludlow,
Memoirs
.

5
Bulstrode Whitelocke,
Memorials of the English Affairs, 1625–1660
, London, republished 1860, vol. 2.

6
A true copy of a petition promoted in the army, 1648

7
The Diary of Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675
, ed. Ruth Spalding, OUP, 1990.

8
Marcus Tullius Cicero,
De Legibus
, Book III.

9
‘A Remonstrance of His Excellency Thomas Lord Fairfax and the Council of Officers’, 1648, PRO, SP 116/531.

10
The Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell
, ed. T. B. Macauley, Methuen, 1904.

11
Ibid.

12
According to S. R. Gardiner in
History of the Great Civil War
, London, 1888–94, the order came from Fairfax, but we can see that Ireton and others were to a large extent directing his
actions.

13
Sir Thomas Herbert,
Threnodia Carolina or Memoirs of the Last Two Years of the Reign of Charles I
, 1678, pub. 1701.

14
Ibid.

15
Mark Noble,
Lives of the English Regicides
, 1798.

16
Earl of Clarendon,
History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England
, 1717.

17
Herbert,
Memoirs
.

18
Perfect Occurrences
, 23–30 December 1648.

19
James I,
Basilikon Doron
, Edinburgh, 1599; London, 1603.

20
Spalding (ed.),
Diary
.

21
Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts, British Library (hereafter BL), E537.

3 A Wicked Design

1
Christopher Hill,
The English Revolution 1640
, Lawrence and Wishart, 1940.

2
Ronald Mellor, ‘Tacitus, Academic Politics and Regicide in the Reign of Charles I: the tragedy of Dr Isaac Dorislaus’,
International Journal of the Classical Tradition
, vol. 11, no. 2, 2004.

3
For this insight, the authors are indebted to the human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson, QC.

4
‘A Remonstrance of Lord Fairfax and the Council of Officers’. See Libertyfund.org for complete text.

5
C. H. Firth,
Dictionary of National Biography
(hereafter DNB), 1889.

6
J. Nalson,
A True Copy of the Journal of the High Court of Justice for the Tryal of King Charles I
, 4 January 1683, reprinted 1731. Almost all the descriptions of the trial are taken from this source, except where the version
of Nalson published in William Cobbett’s
State Trials
, 1809, 1810, is used, or that given in the more partisan royalist version of events by Gilbert Mabbott, ‘A Perfect Narrative
of the Whole Proceedings of the High Court of Justice, in the Trial of the King’, printed 23 January 1648, in
Lord Somers’s Tracts
, vol. 5, ed. W. Scott, 1811.

7
Mercurius Pragmaticus
, January 1648, BL.

8
Clarendon,
History of the Rebellion
, vol. XI.

9
Ibid.

10
Nalson,
A True Copy
.

11
C. V. Wedgwood,
The Trial of Charles I
, Collins, 1964.

12
Anon.,
The King’s Tryal
, in Thomason Tracts, BL.

13
James I,
Basilikon Doron
.

14
J. Cook,
The Poor Man’s Case
, 1648.

15
The Moderate Intelligencer
, 16–23 January 1649, BL

16
S. R. Gardiner,
Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, 1625–60
, Clarendon Press, 1906.

17
Mabbott, ‘Perfect Narrative’.

18
Ibid.

19
J. Cook, ‘King Charles, His Case’, 1649, in
The Trial of King Charles the First
, ed. J. G. Muddiman, 1928.

20
Thomas Smith,
De Republica Anglorum, the Manner of Government or Policie of the Realme of England
, written 1562–3, published 1583.

21
Mabbott, ‘Perfect Narrative’.

22
Cobbett,
State Trials
, vol. V.

23
Geoffrey Robertson,
The Tyrannicide Brief
, Chatto & Windus, 2005.

24
State Trials
, ed., Cobbett. Augustine Garland states he signed on the last day of the trial. His signature is the twenty-ninth on the
warrant.

25
Ibid.

26
A. W. McIntosh,
DNB
, ‘The Numbers of the English Regicides’,
History
, vol. 67, Issue 220, January 1982.

4 Execution

1
Herbert,
Threnodia Carolina
.

2
Ibid.

3
Letter from Charles Stuart to General Fairfax from The Hague, 23 January 1649, from
Letters of Charles II
, ed. Bryant.

4
Clarke Papers, PRO.

5
Ibid.

6
The Confession of Richard Brandon, Hang-man
, London, 1649.

7
Clarendon,
History of the Rebellion
, XII.

8
‘Sir Thomas Herbert’s Narrative Concluded’, in
Charles I in Captivity from Contemporary Sources
, ed. Gertrude Scott Stevenson, 1927.

9
Ibid.

10
Ibid.

11
‘Sir Henry Halford’s Report to the Prince Regent, in 1813, on the Discovery and Examination of the body of King Charles
I’, contained in
Charles I in Captivity
, ed. Stevenson.

12
Letter from Sir Thomas Herbert to Sir William Dugdale, 3 November 1681, quoted in
Memoirs of the Martyr King
, ed. Alan Fea, London, 1905.

5 Propaganda and Assassination

1
F. F. Madan,
A New Bibliography of the Eikon Basilike
, 1950.

2
L. Potter,
Secret Rites and Secret Writings: Royalist Literature 1640–1660
, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

3
Philip A. Knachel, ed., introduction to
Eikon Basilike
, Cornell University Press, 1966

4
Society of King Charles the Martyr,
http://www.skcm.org/SCharles/Eikon_Basilike/eikon_basilike.html

5
A. Lacey,
The Cult of King Charles the Martyr
, Boydell Press, 2003.

6
Ibid.

7
John Milton,
The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
, London, 1649.

8
Ibid.

9
Ibid. Here Milton is quoting Claude de Seyssel,
La Grande Monarchie de France
, 1519.

10
Thomas Hobbes,
De Cive
. Although this was released in limited form in 1642, it was not generally published until 1647.

11
Ibid.

12
Thomas Hobbes,
Leviathan
, 1651.

13
Bob Clarke,
From Grub Street to Fleet Street
, Ashgate, 2004.

14
C. V. Wedgwood,
The King’s War
, Collins, 1958.

15
Francis Cheynell,
Aulicus, his dream, of the king’s sudden coming
, 1644.

16
Clarke,
Grub Street to Fleet Street
.

17
A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe
, 1742.

18
John Taylor,
Mercurius Melancholicus, Craftie Cromwell and His Murderous Crew, a Tragi-Comedie
, 1647.

19
Quoted in J. T. Peacey, ‘Order and Disorder in Europe: Parliamentary Agents and Royalist Thugs 1649–1650’,
The Historical Journal
, vol. 40, no. 4, 1997.

20
Ibid.

21
Related in
The Regicides and the Execution of Charles I
, ed. J. T. Peacey, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.

22
Perfect Diurnall
, no. 315, 6–13 August 1649.

23
Robert Chambers,
History of the Rebellions in Scotland under the Marquis of Montrose
, 1828.

24
George Wishart,
The Memoirs of James, Marquis of Montrose
, London, 1819.

25
Peacey, ‘Order and Disorder’.

26
F. Peck,
Desiderata Curiosa
, 2 vols, London 1779; P. A. Maccioni and M. Mostert, ‘Isaac Dorislaus’,
Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society
, no. 8 (1981–4).

27
S. R. Gardiner,
History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate
, vol. 1, 1897.

28
Peacey, ‘Order and Disorder’.

29
Ibid.

30
DNB
.

31
A. Ascham,
A Discourse
, 1648 (revised 1649);
The Bounds and Bonds of Publique Obedience
, 1649.

32
Whitelocke,
Memorials of the English Affairs
.

33
Gardiner,
History of the Commonwealth
, vol. 1.

34
According to Whitelocke, writing not long after the events, he was employed by Hyde; according to Peacey’s researches,
by Cottington.

35
Peacey, ‘Order and Disorder’.

36
John Evelyn,
Diaries
, vol. 2, Oxford, 1955.

37
For this disgraceful episode, see D. Jordan and M. Walsh,
White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain’s White Slaves in America
, Mainstream, 2007.

38
The whole tale, so well known, is told in Gardiner,
History of the Commonwealth
, vol. 2, and in A. Fea,
The Flight of the King
, 1897.

6 ‘The Honour of Dying for the People
’

1
Ludlow,
Memoirs
.

2
For complete document wording, see
Internet Modern History Sourcebook
:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1653instrument-govt.asp

3
The Instrument of Government
, Clause VI.

4
For a discussion of the evidence concerning the founding of the Sealed Knot, see David Underdown,
Royalist Conspiracy in England, 1649–1660
, Yale University Press, 1960.

5
Thurloe,
State Papers
, vol. 2.

6
Clarendon,
State Papers
, vol. 2.

7
The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, including a continuation of his History of the Grand Rebellion
, Oxford, 1857.

8
Thurloe,
State Papers
, vol. 2.

9
See S. R. Gardiner,
History of the Commonwealth
, vol. 3.

10
A Treasonable Plot Discovered
, 1654, anon., BL.

11
Philip Aubrey,
Mr Secretary Thurloe
, Athlone Press, 1989.

12
Weekly Intelligencer
, 1654, nos 243–4;
Mercurius Politicus
, nos 206–8.

13
Thurloe,
State Papers
.

14
The Triall of Mr John Gerhard
. See: file:///Users/anonanon/Desktop/The%20Triall%20of%20Mr.%20john%20Gerhard%20 … web archive

15
Underdown,
Royalist Conspiracy in England
.

16
Triall of Mr John Gerhard
.

17
Thurloe,
State Papers
.

18
Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon
, p. 25.

19
C. Durston,
Cromwell’s Major-Generals
, Manchester University Press, 2001.

20
For the reasons transportation was often feared more than death, see Jordan and Walsh,
White Cargo
.

21
Perhaps the best telling of this episode is to be found in Peter Beresford Ellis,
Hell or Connaught, The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland, 1652–1660
, Hamish Hamilton, 1975.

22
Sir Henry Vane,
A Healing Question propounded and resolved, upon the late public and seasonable Call to Humiliation, in order to Love
and Union amongst the Honest Party
, London, 1656. Full text:
http://www.constitution.org/lev/healing.htm
.

23
Cobbett,
State Trials
, vol. V, p. 841.

24
Killing No Murder, Briefly Discussed in Three Questions, by William Allen
, 1657, BL, 100.f.41.