Read The Knockoff Economy Online
Authors: Christopher Sprigman Kal Raustiala
9
. Mark F. Schultz, “Fear and Norms and Rock & Roll: What Jambands Can Teach Us about Persuading People to Obey Copyright Law,”
Berkeley Technology Law Journal
21.2 (2006): 651.
10
. Schultz, “Fear and Norms,” 680-81.
11
. Ryan Singel, “Netflix Beat BitTorrent’s Bandwidth,”
Wired,
May 17, 2011,
www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/05/netflix-traffic
/.
12
. Glenn Peoples, “Spotify Has 250,000 U.S. Subscribers,”
Billboard,
October 14, 2011,
www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/spotify-has-250-000-u-s-subscribers-report-1005411992.story
.
ABS, 2
Academic writing, 108
Academy Awards, 1
AC/DC, 141
Achatz, Grant, 73, 75, 81, 190
Acquired distinctiveness, 149
Adams, Joey, 247n6
Adidas, 29
Adobe, 153
Adria, Ferran, 62, 90, 190
Advertisements
brand meanings created through, 198
copying as, 199
description of, 173
fake luxury items as form of, 199
Advertising effect, 200-201
Advil, 196-97
Aeolian Company, 140-41
Alinea, 73, 75, 93
“All Along the Watchtower,” 141
Amazon.com, 7
American Needle v. NFL,
131
Anchoring, 47-49, 174
Anderson, Chris, 188, 215
Andres, Jose, 92
Android, 188
Angel, Criss, 121
Anka, Paul, 141
Apache, 186
Apparel-making, 22-23
Apple, 15, 142, 176, 188, 209, 220-21
Architectural drawings, 65
Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act, 65
Arclight, 181
Arial font, 147
Armani, Giorgio, 24, 51, 55
Asset securitization, 159
Associated Merchandising Corp., 32
Athenaeus, 81
Ault, Chris, 135-36, 189
Aviary, 92
Baja Fresh, 9
Balenciaga, 37
Barnett, Jonathan, 199-200
Barneys New York, 51
Bartenders, 92-94
Batali, Mario, 64
Baudrillard, Jean, 41
Bazaar, 92
Beard, James, 60
Benkler, Yochai, 186
Benny, Jack, 100
Berle, Milton, 100-101, 247n7
Bertelli, Patricio, 38
Bidders’ Edge, 165
BitTorrent, 217-18, 226-27
Black, Lewis, 101
BlackBerry, 188
Black-Scholes option pricing formula, 158
Blahnik, Manolo, 25
Blais, Richard, 88
Blass, Bill, 24
Blue Light Grill, 92
Blues Traveler, 225
Blumenthal, Heston, 90, 190
Bogle, John, 123-24
Books
handwritten, 145
piracy of, 145-46
printing press effects on production of, 145-46
“Borscht Belt,” 99-100, 109
Bouley, David, 61
Boulud, Daniel, 73
Bowie, David, 141, 184
Brady, Diamond Jim, 60
Brands
consumer perceptions of, 197
copies as advertisement for, 199, 201
counterfeiting effects on, 200
description of, 173
fashion.
See
Fashion brands
innovation and, 197
meanings associated with, 198
power of, 196-97
role of, 195
trademark protection of, 195
value of, 195
Breaking the Magician’s Code: Magic’s Biggest Secrets Revealed,
121
Brooks Brothers, 23-24
Bruce, Lenny, 101
Buccafusco, Chris, 67, 80, 204
Buffet, Warren, 89, 156
Buildings, 65
“Built food,” 59, 64, 67-68
Burberry, 29
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 45
Business method patents, 157-58
Caillat, Colbie, 223
Caioti Pizza Café, 61
California Pizza Kitchen, 61
Calligraphy, 146, 250n13
Camp, Walter, 127
Cantu, Homaro, 62, 71-72
Careme, Antoine, 59
Carlin, George, 106
CD, 228-29
Chanel, 24
Chanel, Coco, 34
Chang, David, 71, 76, 180
Chappelle, Dave, 107
Charles, Rebecca, 57-59, 69
Chau, Chak, Yam, 70
Chefography,
87
Chefs.
See also
Cuisine; Culinary copying; Food; Recipes
attribution of dishes to, 79-80, 87, 178-79
bartenders and, similarities between, 94-95
celebrity status of, 87
creativity of, 78-90
culinary copying and, 88-89
fame of, 59, 61
innovations by, 62-63, 190
patents use by, 71-72
public reputation of, 87-88
reputation of, 86-89
self-policing by, 78-83
sharing of creations by, 86
social norms use by, 78-83, 178
trade secret protections, 71
in 20th century, 61
Child, Julia, 60
Chili’s, 63
Chinese restaurants, 61
Cho, Margaret, 101
Choi, Roy, 9
Cincinnati Bengals, 128-29
Citigroup, 160
Citrin, Josiah, 76
Claiborne, Craig, 62
“Click-wrap” license, 72
Clothing.
See also
Fashion
food and, similarities between, 68
as positional goods, 40
status associated with, 39-40
Cocktails, 91-95, 181
Cocteau, Jean, 41, 43
Cohen, Bram, 226
Coke, 71
Coltrane, John, 141-42
Comedians
attacks on reputation of, 112-14
bad-mouthing of, 112-13
creativity of, 116
history of, 99-102
imitation reputation of, 112-13
joke buying and selling among, 110
joke copying by.
See
Joke copying
media exposure of, 102
oral agreements among, 110
originality of, 109
peer appreciation, 112
personalized material created by, 117-18
plagiarism by, 248n 18
public shaming of, 115
refusal to deal with, 113-14
reputation of, 112-14
shunning of, 112-13
social norms of, 104-15, 177-79
violent retaliation against, 114
Comedy Bible, The,
107
Comedy clubs, 102
Comedy industry
aficionados of, 115
characteristics of, 100
copying in, 10-12.
See also
Joke copying
history of, 99-102
innovation in, 118
intermediaries in, 113-14
monologues, 101-2
narrative, 117
one-liner era of, 101-2, 116-17
ownership rules in, 110-11, 116
personalized nature of, 118
politics in, 101
present-day changes in, 117
social norms in, 98, 104-115
Comedy Store, The, 97
Competition
copying and, 5-6, 168-70
in fashion industry, 24
importance of, 5, 168
innovation and, 168
intellectual property and, 237n3
Competition-style cooking, 87
Computer programming industry, 136-38, 189
Concerts, 182-84, 222
Confidentiality, 80
Cook, Dane, 10-12, 179, 208
Cookbooks, 67
Cooper, James Fenimore, 60
Copying
advertising through, 199, 201
as brand advertisement, 199, 201
cocktails, 91-95, 181
competition and, 5-6, 168-70
Congressional changes in protections against, 35
creativity affected by, 7-8, 17, 45, 49, 167-68, 173, 211
culinary.
See
Culinary copying
databases, 162-66
difficulties in, 180
digital, 84-85, 182
fads created through, 175
fashion.
See
Fashion copying
fonts, 147-52
future of, 8
of ideas, 108
importance of rules on, 17, 202
induced obsolescence caused by, 43-47, 49
innovation affected by, 6, 15-16, 90, 166, 192, 207
joke.
See
Joke copying legal regulation of, 6
moral issues associated with, 6
perfect, 84
premise of laws against, 167
prevalence of, 232
profiting from, 172
social norms effect on, 177-79.
See also
Social norms
trends and, 174-75
Copyright(s)
architectural drawings, 65
computer database industry, 14-15
Constitutional protection of, 5
holders of, difficulties in finding, 144
infringement of, 108
media protected by, 6
notice of, 145
purpose of, 10, 89, 195, 203
term of, 144
Copyright Act of 1909, 140
Copyright law
Congressional changes in, 35
creative ideas and, 103, 105
cuisine copying and, 64, 81
database protections under, 165
duration of protection under, 7
fashion designs not protected by, 5, 20-21, 30
fonts and, 147-49
importance of, 168
magic tricks and, 120
original expression protected by, 103, 105
property rights added to, 35
purpose of, 4, 191
sheet music protection under, 67, 139
Statute of Anne, 145
subconscious appropriation, 111
substantial similarity, 83
tweaking and, 143-45
useful articles, 27
Corinna, Anna, 19-21, 38, 45
Cosby, Bill, 106
Council of Fashion Designers of America, 35
Counterfeiting, 199-200
Cover bands, 183
Cover songs, 139, 141
Creation
costs of, 210-11
distribution costs’ effect on, 209
motivators of, 203
Creativity
of chefs, 78-90
complexity associated with, 202
copying effects on, 4, 7-8, 17, 45, 49, 167-68, 173, 211
copyright effects on, 10
costs associated with, 171, 203, 208-210
culinary copying effects on, 89
distribution and, 171
in financial services industry, 156-57
of font design, 150
in food culture, 10
historical examples of, 167
improvements on, 15
open source and, 190
in pharmaceutical industry, 171
of recipes, 66
social norms about, 115
technological influences on, 210
tweaking as form of, 142
Creators
advertising effect on, 200-201
chefs as, 86-87
monopoly over creations of, 6
rival, 177
Credit Suisse, 160
Crif Dogs, 91
Cronkite, Walter, 102
Crowd-sourcing, 208
Cuisine.
See also
Chef(s); Food
as art form, 190
attribution of, 79-80, 87, 178-79
creativity of, 61
experience associated with eating of, 85-86, 180
fads in, 175-76
foreign, 62
innovation in, 9-10, 62
local, 60
modernist movement in, 62-63
remaking of, 74
in United States, 60-61
Culinary copying.
See also
Chef(s); Food
advertisement benefits of, 86
benefits of, 90
“built food,” 59, 64, 67-68
case law, 65-66
chefs’ views on, 88
communication of, 82
copyright law and, 64, 81
creativity and, 89
debate about, 72-78
detection of, 83
difficulties associated with, 180
enforcing legal protections against, difficulties in, 81
examples of, 57-58, 63-64, 72-77
in France, 79-80
global issues, 82
innovation and, 90
Internet effects on, 68-69
limits on, 69-72
molten chocolate cake as example of, 63-64
perfect copying, 84
prevalence of, 68
self-policing of, 78
social norms and, 78-83
technology effects on detection of, 83
“trade dress” protections, 69-70, 198
trade secrets protection, 71, 79
“unfair competition” protections, 70-71
Culinary industry.
See also
Restaurant industry
annual sales in, 58
creativity in, 63
fads in, 175-76
history of, 59-63
innovation in, 62, 88, 90, 189
open-source elements in, 189-90
restaurant reviews, 62
staging in, 73, 75, 190
“trade dress” disputes in, 70
trademarks in, 69
Daily Show,
102
Dark’n Stormy, 93
Databases
contract law applications to users of, 165
copying of, 162-66
copyright protections for, 14-15, 165
copyrightable content in, 162
definition of, 162
in Europe, 15, 162-66
examples of, 162, 164
facts-based, 162-63
fee-based, 193
Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service
case law, 162-63, 165
first-mover advantage of, 193-94
growth of, 163
legal, 162, 193-94
tweaking of, 165-66
U.S. Supreme Court case law, 126
Dave Mathews Band, 225
Davis, Darrel “Mouse,” 133-34, 189
Death & Co., 92
Debreq, Jean Francois, 24
Delahunt, Bill, 35
Derivative works, 36, 45, 143
Design patents for fashion designs, 28
Design Piracy Prohibition Act, 35
Deutsche Bank, 160
Devil Wears Prada, The,
47
Diffusion lines, 54-55
Digital copies, 84-85, 182
Diller, Phyllis, 100
Discover Dannone—50 Fabulous Recipes with Yogurt,
65-66
Distribution
changes in, 208-9
creativity and, 171
films, 230
Doors, The, 141
Dow Jones, 164
Drinks.
See
Cocktails
Drive,
185
Dubner, Stephen J., 145
Dun & Bradstreet, 164
Dylan, Bob, 141
Eataly, 64
eBay, 165
Economic growth
of financial services industry, 155-56
innovation’s role in, 15