Read The Knockoff Economy Online
Authors: Christopher Sprigman Kal Raustiala
Edible paper, 71-72
Edison, Thomas, 15, 132, 167
Ed’s Lobster Bar, 57-58, 69, 201
eGullet Society, 73-74, 76, 82-83
El Bulli, 62, 190
Elbaz, Alber, 38
Elle,
25
Ellickson, Robert, 78
Emcee, 99
Encarta, 185
Encyclopedias, 185
Escoffier, Auguste, 59
Europe
databases in, 15, 162-66
fashion copying in, 30-31, 39
Exchange-traded funds, 159
Experience/experiential nature
of movie watching, 231
music as, 222-23
of restaurants, 85-86, 180
of theaters, 181-82
Facebook, 194-95, 227
Fads, 174-75
Fan fiction, 143
Fanning, Shawn, 216
Fashion brands
counterfeiting effects on, 199
diffusion lines’ effect on, 55
dilution of, 54-55
tarnishing of, 55
trademark protection for, 29
types of, 24-25
Fashion copying
acceptance of, 38
copyright law and, 20-21, 27-30
creativity effects of, 45, 49, 173
description of, 173
of design features, 37, 45
differing views on, 34
diffusion of fashion styles caused by, 43
economic studies of, 45-47
efforts to amend American law to prevent, 34-35
in Europe, 30-31, 39
examples of, 1-2, 19-20
by famed designers, 37
fashion cycle affected by, 44, 55
fast, 53
historical attempts to restrain, 30-34
as homage, 37
industry effects of, 5, 21, 27-30
job losses caused by, 35
lag time in, 54
lawsuits for, 38-39
norms against, 50-52
piracy paradox of, 44, 49, 174, 193
prestige associated with, 37
product improvement benefits of, 43-44
roles of, 44, 49
scope of, 37
social norms and, 51-52
speed of, 52-53, 193
status and, 39
timing of, 37
trends created by, 48-49, 54
useful articles concept, 27
Fashion cycle
copying effects on, 43-44, 55, 174
description of, 39-42, 173
Fashion designers
brand protection by, 54
copying by, 37, 50-51
lead time for, 192-93
self-knockoffs created by, 54-55
Fashion designs
copying of select features of, 37, 45
copyright law and, 5, 20-21, 30
design patents for, 28
exclusivity of, 41
expressive element of, 28
functional use issues associated with, 27
induced obsolescence of, 43-47, 49, 173
jewelry appliqué added to, 28
positional nature of, 40
rapid diffusion of, 42-43
sketches of, 27
status associated with, 39-40
trademark law and, 29
Fashion industry
anchoring in, 47-49, 174
annual sales in, 22
brand names in, 24-25, 199
competition in, 24
copying in, 5, 21, 27-30
creativity in, 5, 45
diversification of, 23-24
fast fashion, 25-26
first-mover advantage in, 52-54, 192-93
globalization of, 24
history of, 22-27, 239n6
intellectual property in, 29
in Italy, 24
in London, 23
media coverage of, 26, 48
modern conception of, 25
Parisian influences on, 22
piracy effects on, 44
social norms in, 49-52
in 21st century, 26
status in, 39
“trade dress” protections, 29-30, 198
trends in, 40-41, 47-49, 54, 155, 174
in United States, 23-24
as winer-take-most market, 207
Fashion knockoffs
derivative works versus, 36
description of, 192
diffusion lines, 54-55
economic studies of, 45-47
media coverage of, 20, 36
prevalence of, 36
quality of, 240n20
self-knockoffs, 54-55
Fashion magazines, 48
Fashion Originators’ Guild of America, 30-34, 241n32
Fashion Originators’ Guild of America v. FTC,
33
Fashion styles, 41-42
Fashion trademarks
importance of, 29
protection of, 5, 29
Fast fashion, 25-26
Fast-food restaurants, 61
Fat Duck, 190
“Fat-washing,” 93
Fauchart, Emanuelle, 78-80, 84, 86, 115
Faviana, 1-2, 20
Fear Factor
, 97
Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service,
162-63, 165
Fidelity, 125
File-hosting sites, 218
Filene’s Basement, 32-33, 241n33
Filesharing, 213, 216, 229, 255n4
Film distribution, 230
Financial services industry
asset securitization, 159
bank market share, 160-61
copying in, 125-26
creativity in, 156-57
exchange-traded funds, 159
growth of, 155-56
index funds, 124-25, 159
innovations in, 155-61
junk bonds, 159
mutual funds, 123-25
nondisclosure agreements in, 160
over-the-counter derivatives, 159-60
patents in, 157-60
profits in, 156
research and development spending in, 158
societal benefits of, 156
trade secrecy in, 157-58
First-mover advantage
copyright and, 195
in databases, 193-94
definition of, 191
description of, 173, 191-95
in fashion industry, 52-54, 192-93
in football industry, 132, 192
patents and, 195
in software, 194
Flay, Bobby, 84
Foley + Corinna, 19-20, 37, 45
Foley, Dana, 19-21, 38, 45
Font(s)
Arial, 147
bundling of, with software, 153
calligraphic, 146, 250n13
in computer code, 149-50
copying of, 147-52
copyright law and, 147-49
description of, 14, 126
digitization of, 150-51
distinctiveness of, 250n17
“functional” classification of, 148
Georgia, 148
graphic designers use of, 153
Helvetica, 146-47, 154
history of, 146, 149
messages conveyed through, 146
patent protection for, 149
printing technology effects on, 152-53
steampunk-inspired, 155-55
technological advances that affected, 149-53
Times New Roman, 147-48, 152
trademark law and, 149, 250n17
trends in, 154-55
Font design
amateurs involved in, 151-52
creativity of, 150
fads in, 175
growth of, 150
innovation in, 150-53
trends in, 154-55
tweaking in, 151
Font designers, 151
Food.
See also
Chef(s); Recipes
aesthetic appeal of, 245n25
American law’s view of, 67-68
“built,” 59, 64, 67-68
clothing and, similarities between, 68
cocktails and, similarities between, 93-94
creativity of, 61
experience associated with eating of, 85-86, 180
as functional item, 67-68
innovation associated with, 179-80
reproduction of, 59
transitory duration of, 244n16
“useful articles doctrine” application to, 68
variations in, 84
Food & Wine,
81
Food culture, 10
Food editors, 62
Food Network, 59, 87
Food recipe, 64-65
Food trucks, 9
Football
Ault’s contributions to, 135-36
barriers to copying in, 131-32
college, 126-27
copying in, 131-32, 139
first-mover advantage in, 132, 192
formations in, 130, 133, 192
history of, 126-27
“I-bone” offensive formation in, 128, 130
innovations in, 12-14, 127-31
“No Huddle Offense” in, 13, 129-30
passing in, 13, 127
patent protections in, 131
pioneers in, 132-36, 189
“pistol” formation in, 135-36
Rodriguez’s contributions to, 130, 134-35
“run-and-shoot” offense in, 133-34
Spread Offense in, 130, 134
“spread-option” formation in, 135
Theodore Roosevelt’s changes to, 127
tweakers in, 132-36, 138, 189
Walsh’s contributions to, 128-29
West Coast Offense in, 128-29
wishbone formation in, 133
Zone Blitz in, 129
Ford, Tom, 26-27, 38
Foreign cuisine, 62
Forever 21, 20-21, 25-26, 37-38, 45, 192
Fragmentation of audiences, 225
France
cuisine in, 60, 78-80
fashion in, 23, 31, 35, 39
Freakonomics,
145, 231
Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything,
145
Fred Segal, 42
Free
, 188
Freeman, Eben, 92-93
French Chef, The,
60
French Laundry, 77, 85, 190
Friend, Tad, 42
Friendster, 195
Frugal Gourmet,
65
Fry, Blake, 151
Furthurnet, 226
Galifianakis, Zach, 101
Galliano, John, 51
Georgia font, 148
GFT, 25
Ghesquiere, Nicholas, 37, 50-51
Gilhart, Julie, 51
Gladwell, Malcolm, 142, 249n10
Glamour,
48
“Gloria,” 141
Gold, Jonathan, 92
Goldin, Horace, 120
Goldman, William, 51
Goldman Sachs, 160
Gone With The Wind,
74, 144
Google, 188-89
Google +, 194
Google Books, 144
Gosline, Renee, 199-200
Gosling’s Black Seal rum, 93
Grand Central Oyster Bar, 58
Grateful Dead, 225-26
Grokster, 217-18
Gruden, Jon, 129, 138
Gucci, 5, 24
Gulley, Ned, 137-38
Gunzburg, Baron Nicolas de, 24
Gutenberg, Johannes, 145-46
Halford, Rob, 182
Halston, 24, 55
Hard Shake technique, 94
Hathaway, Anne, 47
Helvetica font, 146-47, 154
Hendrix, Jimi, 141
Henri Bendel department store, 34
Hilton, Paris, 19-20
Himself
, 106
H&M, 25-26
Hollywood, 230-31
Holmgren, Mike, 129
Hope, Bob, 100
Horyn, Cathy, 37
Howard Stern Show, The,
114
HSBC, 160
IBM, 188
“I-bone” offensive formation, 128, 130
Ibuprofen, 196-97
Ideas
credit given to author of, 109
lack of copyright law protection for, 103, 105
unattributed copying of, 108
“I’m Lovin’ It!”, 69
Imitation
innovation and, 16, 115-16, 168, 210
lessons about, 172-202
monopoly theory and, 168
In Rainbows
, 224
Index funds, 124-25, 159
Induced obsolescence, 43-47, 49, 173
Industrial revolution, 142
ING, 71
Innovation
benefits of, 203
brands effect on, 197
competition and, 168
as competitive process, 15
Constitutional protection of, 5-6
copying effects on, 6, 15-16, 90, 118, 166, 192, 207
in culinary industry, 9-10, 62, 88, 90, 189
economic growth benefits of, 15
factors that affect, 203
in financial services, 155-61
font design, 150-51
in football, 12-14
imitation and, 16, 115-16, 168, 210
incentivizing, 89
lessons about, 172-202
in magic industry, 122
monopoly theory of, 6, 8, 16, 39, 150, 166-68, 203, 238n6
prizes used to inspire, 203
protection of, 5-6
returns on, 203-4
Innovative Design Protection and Piracy Prevention Act, 20, 35-36, 237n2
Intellectual property
competition and, 237n3
Constitutional protection of, 5
definition of, 5
in fashion industry, 29
historical descriptions of, 81
innovation and, 14
patents.
See
Patents
political economy of, 238n7
power of, 5
premise of rights, 191
protection of, 4, 15
reasons for, 171
Supreme Court rulings, 237n4
Interlude, 72, 76, 80
International Association of Culinary Professionals Code of Ethics, 80
Internet
cuisine copying and, 68-69
radio on, 232
iPad, 142
iPhone, 142, 155
iPod, 147, 220
Iron Chef,
10, 87
iTunes, 176, 209, 218-20
J. Cole, 223-24
Jacobs, Marc, 5, 50-51, 54-55
Jagger, Mick, 183, 222
Jambands, 225-27
JCPenny, 25
Jefferson, Thomas, 6, 238n5
Jewelry, 27-28
Jobs, Steve, 142, 232
John Varvatos, 41
Joke(s).
See also
Comedians; Comedy industry
buying of, 110, 117
copyright protection of, 12, 103
firstness in performing of, 110-11
joint ownership of, 109-110
one-liner, 101-2, 116-17
ownership rules, 110-11, 116
plagiarism of, 108
premise of, 108-110
punch line ownership, 109
selling of, 110
Joke copying
detection of, 111, 118
enforcement against, by comedians, 111-15
examples of, 97-98, 103-7
historical differences in views on, 101, 109, 116-17
premise of joke, 108-110
prevalence of, 100-101
proving of, 103, 108
refusal to deals as form of sanction for, 114
reputational sanctions for, 112-14
social norms against, 107-15, 117, 177-78
violent retaliation for, 114
Jones, Rickie Lee, 141
Junk bonds, 159
Kamp, David, 60
Kawakubo, Rei, 24
Kazaa, 217
Keaton, Buster, 15
Keller, Thomas, 62, 77, 81, 85, 90, 190
Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.,
196