The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (84 page)

Kipling, R., 281

Kissinger, H., 296

Kivunjo, 14, 120–121, 232

Klima, E., 450

Kluender, R., 458, 462

Knight, A., PS16

Konner, M., 467, 468

Korean, 257, 259, 260, 287, 296

Korzybski, A., 46

Kosslyn, S. M., 449, 452, 462, PS4

Krauss, N., 262–264

Kuhl, P., 460

Kutas, M., 458, 462

 

 

Labov, W., 16–19

Ladegoged, P., 459

Lakoff, G., 458, 468

Language acquisition.
See
Children

Language death.
See
Extinction of Languages

Language delay, PS9, PS23

Language impairment, PS9, PS12.
See also
Specific Language Impairment

Larson, G., 270, 343

Larynx, 159–161, 165, 167, 269, 365,
glossary

Lasnik, H., 449

Latin, 51, 97, 108–109, 112, 130, 251, 254, 262, 292, 386–387

Law, 194, 216–218, 223–224, 224–226, 229

Lawrence, E., 61

Lear, E., 80

Learning, 244, 287–293, 327, 342–343, 421–427, 431–436

Lederer, R., 75, 132–133, 176, 247, 388, 399–402, 457, PS21

Leibniz, G., 426

Lenat, D., 458

Lenneberg, E. H., 10, 50–51, 461

Letterman, D., 139

Lewontin, R., 359, 370, 459, 465, 466

Lexical acquisition.
See
Word learning

Lexicon,
glossary. See also
Dictionary, mental

Liberman, A. M., 10, 455, 461, 462

Liberman, M., PS21, PS22

Lieberman, P., 359, 365, 455, 461, 462

Limber, J., 460

Linguistic determinism, 44–73, PS13.
See also
Whorf

Linguistic relativity.
See
Linguistic determinism

Lipka, S., 39

Liu, L., 57

Locke, J., 460, 463

Loebner Prize, 191–193, 348, PS15

Lord’s Prayer, 183, 250

Lykken, D., 335–336

 

 

Macaulay, Lord, 376

MacDonald, M., 457

MacWhinney, B., 451, 460, 466

Makeba, M., 168

Malay, 234, 256

Malcolm, J., 224–225

Maori, 234, 257

Maratsos, M., 454, 458

Marcus, G., 454, 460, 465, PS19

Markman, E., 151–152, 443

Markov model,
glossary. See also
Finite-state devices

Marr, D., 425, 452

Marslen-Wilson, W., 457

Martin, L., 54–55

Masson, J., 225

Maxwell, J., 61

Mayberry, R., PS17

Maynard Smith, J., 370

Mayr, E., 370, 465

McCarthy, M., 110

McCawley, J., 413

McClelland, J., 454–463

McDcrmott, D., 70

McGuinness, D., PS14, PS22

McGurk effect, 154–155

McWhorter, J., PS11, PS21, PS22

Mead, M., 48, 421–422, 428

Medawar, P. B., 301, 376

Mehler, J., 269, 460

Memory, 75–76, 119, 132–133, 142–145, 187, 199–201, 205–206, 218–222

Mencken, H. L., 133, 388, 453

Mental representation, 65–73

Metaphor, 230

Miller, G., 10, 180, 453, 454, 455

Milner, B., PS4

Minimalist Program, PS 13

Minsky, M, 190

Modularity of mind, 33–43, 180–185, 213–216, 419, 435–436, 437–445

Monkeys, 60–61

Monty Python’s Flying Circus
, 48

Morphology, 120–142, 187–189, 236–237, 246–248,
glossary. See also
Compounds; Derivation; Inflection

Motherese, 28–29, 30, 283–284, 295, PS11

Motor control, 178–179, 311–312, PS12

Mountain, J., PS16

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), 306, 313, 323, 324, 333, PS8, PS18–19

Muppets, 168

Murdock, G., 450

Nabokov, V., 296, 338

Nagy, W., 144

Native Americans.
See
American languages

Natural selection, 333–334, 341, 356–358, 365–381, 427, 435, 447, PS19–20

Neanderthals, 365

Neural development, 327–330, 333, PS19

Neural networks, 126, 324–328, 373–374,
glossary

Neuroimaging.
See
MRI

Neurons, 325–328

Neville, H., 451

Nevins, A., PS15

New Guinea, 12–13, 257, 259

Newell, A., 452

Newmeyer, F., 464

Newport, E., 26–28, 296, 461

Nicaraguan Sign Language, 24–25, PS11

Nicol, J., 458

Nineteen Eighty-Four
(Orwell), 44–45, 73

Nixon, R., 221–224

Nostratic, 259–262, PS16

Nouns,
glossary. See also
Grammatical categories; Verbs

Nowak, M., PS20

Nunberg, G., 413, 466, PS21

 

 

Ojemann, G., 322

Onomatopoeia, 146

Orians, G., 468

Orwell, G., 44, 45, 47, 73, 134, 251,

Osherson, D., 449, 461

Ostler, N., PS23

 

 

Paley, W., 371

Parameters, 103–105, 239–241, PS15,
glossary

Parker, D., 171

Parsing, 194–222,
glossary

Parts of speech,
glossary. See also
Grammatical categories

Passive, 114–116, 220, 227–228, 406–410,
glossary

Patterson, F. P., 344, 350

Penfield, W., 306–307, 322, PS4

PET (Positron Emission Tomography), 306, 315, 319–320, 322, 324

Peters, A., 461

Peterson, S., 463

Pesetsky, D., PS15

Pettito, L. A., 147, 346–350, 450

Philip, Prince, 21

Phonemes, 154–175, 179–180, 187, 246,
glossary

Phonetic symbolism, 162–163, 165

Phonics, PS14

Phonology, 157–159, 168–176, 246,
glossary

Phrase structure, 28–31, 89–95, 98–105, 289

Pidgins, 20–22, 24, 27

Pig Latin, 170–171

Pinker, S., 302, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458, 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, PS22

Pirahã, PS10–11, PS15

Pisoni, D., 154

Plomin, R., 463

Poetry, 170–171

Poeppel, D., PS19

Poizner, H., 462

Polish, 165

Politeness, 230

Polynesian, 167

Portuguese, 165, 254

Posner, M., 449

Pragmatics, 69–72, 221–230, 349, 390, 414–416, PS8, PS14–15,
glossary

Prasada, S., 454, 466, 468

Premack, D., 350, 378–379

Prescriptive grammar.
See
Grammar, prescriptive

Prince, A., 452, 454, 463, 466, 468

Prine, J., 183

Pronouns, 14–16, 163, 402–406,
glossary

Prosody, 169–171,
glossary. See also
Intonation.

Proto-World, 261–262, PS16

Pullum, G., 54–55, 453, PS11, PS21, PS22

Putnam, H, 10, 19, 451

 

 

Quayle, D., 337–338, 412

Quebec, 242

Quine, W. V. O., 147–152, 177, 396, 433–436

 

 

Race, 260–261, 447–448

Radner, G., 182

Rakic, P., 483

Raymond, E., 453, 454

Reading, PS 14, PS22–23

Reagan, R., 46, 101, 116, 123

Recursion, 93, 122–124, 126, 201–206, 291–292, 377, 380, PS21,
glossary

Reddy, R., 184

Redundancy, 178

Remez, R., 154

Renfrew, C., 255

Representational theory of mind, 64–73

Rodrigues, C., PS15

Rogers, C., 193

Rolling Stones, 183, 388

Rosch, E., 454

Rozin, P., 425

Ruhlen, M., 260–262

Rumbaugh, D., 350

Rumelhart, D., 454, 463

Russell, B., 47

 

 

Safire, W., 385, 402–412, PS21

Safran, E., 462

Sagan, C., 344

Sahin, N., PS18

Salinger, J. D., 391

San.
See
Khoisan

Sapir, E., 14, 46, 48

Saussure, F. de, 75, 141, 145–147

Savage-Rumbaugh, S., 350, PS20

Savants, linguistic, 34, 39–43, 365

Scandinavian languages, 253

Schaller, S., 58–59

Schank, R., 457

Scholz, B., PS11

Schwartz, M., 462

Second language acquisition, PS9, PS16–17

Seidenberg, M, 210, 246

Selkirk, E., 454

Semantics, 93–95, 97–101, 105–107, 108, 110–111, 127–129, 130, 147–152, 197–200, 213–216, 282, 289–290, PS8, PS14

Semitic.
See
Afro-Asiatic

Semitic languages, PS16

Senghas, A., 25, 208, 216, PS5, PS11

Serbo-Croatian, 164

Seuss, Dr., 242, 338

Sex differences, PS23

Sexist language, 45, 111

Seyfarth, R., 60, 362

Shakespeare, W., 95, 143, 144, 146, 213, 246, 252, 338–339, 385, 454

Shaw, G. B., 4, 77, 95, 176, 185–187, 192, 213

Shepard, R., 62–63, 425

Shieber, S., 457

Sign languages, 24–28, 58, 120, 147–148, 188, 307, PS11, PS17

Simon, H., 452

Simon, J., 398, PS21

Sine-wave speech, 153

Skinner, B. F., 8, 345, 347, 433

Slang, 16, 382–390, 410–413, 415

Slavic languages, 254, 267

SLI.
See
Specific Language Impairment

Slobin, D., 462

Social sciences, 10, 421–432

Solan, L., 194, 216–218

Sowell, T., PS23

Spanish, 120, 245, 254, 267

Specific Language Impairment (SLI), 37–39, 312, 330–333, 375, PS12, PS20

Speech perception, 153–159, 165, 178–185, 266–268, PS14

Speech production, 159–166, 175–178, 179, 246–247, 268–269, 271–273

Speech recognition.
See
Speech perception

Spelke, E., 441, 452, 455, 468

Spelling, 185–189, PS14

Sperber, D., 228–230, 425, 429

Spina bifida, 39–12

Sports, 133, 138, 139, 177, 225, 375

Sproat, R., 122

Standard English, 17–19, 382–396, 398–399, 403–306, 413–416

Statistics of language, 85, 122–123, 178, 215, 392

Streep, M., 295

Streisand, B., 407–413

Stromswold, K., 276, 283–385, 315, PS13

Structure dependence, 26, 29–32

Strunk, W., 416

Stuttering, 312, 330

Style, 130, 194, 199–202, 211–213, 220, 228, 251–252, 385, 395, 416, PS23

Subject, grammatical, 28–32, 102, 232–235, 238, 408,
glossary

Supalla, S., 450

Supreme Court, U.S., 217, 225–226

Surface structure, 113–118, 218–222,
glossary

Swearing, 342

Swinney, D., 209

Syllable, 169–171,
glossary

Symons, D., 425, 468

Synonymy, 71

Syntax, 75–118, 124–125, 141–143

 

 

Tanenhaus, M., 210, 213, 214

Tense, 23, 110, 120–122, 248, 253,
glossary

Terrace, H., 346, 350

Terence, PS2

Tesla, N., 61

Thomas, L., 396

Thomason, S., 168

Thurber, J., 282

Tokano, Y., 57

Tomlin, L., 20, 362

Tongue, 162–168

Tongues, speaking in, 168–169

Tooby, J., 334, 425, 429, 449, 465, 467, 468

Top-down perception, 180–185, 213–216, 419–420,
glossary

Tourette’s syndrome, 342–343

Tower of Babel, 20

Traces, 113–118, 218–222, 320, PS13

Transformations, 113–118, 218–222, 320,
glossary

Trueswell, J., 213, 214

Truffaut, F., 281

Trump, I., 139

Turing, A., 64, 191

Turing machine, 64–69, 324,
glossary

Turing test, 191–194, PS15

Turkish, 233, 257

Twain, M., 51, 80, 95, 188, 277

 

 

Ullman, M., 454, 460

Universal Grammar, 9, 26, 28–29, 32, 102–105, 113, 237–241, 290–293, 356, 425, 429, PS15,
glossary

Universality of language, 13–15, 19

Universals of language, 29, 32, 103–105, 233–241, PS10–11, PS15

Uptalk, PS23

Uralic languages, 233, 257, 259, 261

Urban legends, 402

 

 

van der Lely, H., PS12

Verbs, 91–92, 105–108, 114–116, 214–215, 279–280, 319, 407–410, PS4,
glossary

Vision and visual imagery, 52–53, 55–56, 61–63, 190, 322, 360, PS4

Vocal chords, 160, 165

Voicing, 160, 167, 172–176,
glossary

Vowels, 162–165, 169, 171–173, 178, 234, 247, 252–253

 

 

Walkman, 136–138

Wallace, A., 366

Wallace, D. F., PS21

Wanner, E., 458

Warlpiri, 232, 241, 292

Warren, R., 181

Watergate tapes, 221–224

Watson, J., 62

Watson, J. B., 8, 422–423

Weizenbaum, J., 193–194

Werker, J., 460

Wernicke’s area, 316–318, 360, 360, 362

Wexler, K., 461

Wheeler, R., PS23

White, E. B., 282, 416

Whole language, PS14

Whorf, B. 46, 48–54, 385, 420, PS13

Wiese, R., 454

Wilde, O., 6

Williams, E., 142–143, 453, 454

Williams, G., 294, 300–301, 370, 373, 459, 461

Williams, J., 194, 228, 416, 459

Williams syndrome, 41–43, PS12

Wilson, D, 228

Wilson, E. O., 349, 464

Wilson, M., 468

Wittgenstein, L., 46

Word learning, 145–152, PS14

Wright, R., 460

Written language.
See
Alphabet

Wynn, K., 58–60, 468

 

 

X-bar theory, 99–105, 124, 127–129, 239, 289, 432,
glossary