The Last Empire (72 page)

6
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
521.

7
. Ibid., 160–162.

8
. Valentin Stepankov and Evgenii Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor. Versiia sledstviia
(Moscow, 1992), 162–168.

9
. Evgenii Shaposhnikov,
Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego
(Moscow, 1993), 19, 39.

10
. Valerii Kucher, “A Russian Reporter Remembers,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds.,
Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup
(Armonk, NY, 1994), 334; Iain Elliot, “On-the-Spot Impressions,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds.,
Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of
the August 1991 Coup
(Armonk, NY, 1994), 291; Theresa Sabonis-Chafee, “Reflections from the Barricades,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds.,
Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup
(Armonk, NY, 1994), 244–245; Stepankov and Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor,
178.

11
. Aleksandr Korzhakov,
Boris El'tsin: ot rassveta do zakata
(Moscow, 1997), 93–94; Michael Hetzer, “Death on the Streets,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds.,
Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup
(Armonk, NY, 1994), 253–254.

12
.
Krasnoe ili beloe? Drama avgusta-91. Fakty. Gipotezy. Stolknovenie mnenii
(Moscow, 1992), 113–130; John B. Dunlop, “The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics,”
Journal of Cold War Studies
5, no. 1 (2003): 94–127, here 110–111.

13
. Stepankov and Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor,
180–184.

14
. Ibid., 270–279; Natalia Gevorkian, Natalia Timakova, and Andrei Kolesnikov,
Ot pervogo litsa. Razgovory s Vladimirom Putinym
(Moscow, 2000), chapter “Demokrat”; Masha Gessen,
The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin
(New York, 2013), 108–118.

15
. Dunlop, “The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics,” 111; Stepankov and Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor,
186–187;
Krasnoe ili beloe,
251.

16
. Korzhakov,
Boris El'tsin,
93–96, 113; Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 93.

17
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
434–435; George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 528–530; American Embassy to Secretary of State, “USSR State of Emergency: Situation Report, no. 21, 08:00 [[a.m.]] local, August 21,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, White House Situation Room Files: USSR Part 3 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 11.

18
. Seymour M. Hersh, “The Wild East,”
Atlantic Monthly,
June 1994.

19
. “Telecon with President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federation,” August 21, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-21--Yeltsin%20[[1]].pdf
.

20
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
522; Shaposhnikov,
Vybor,
47–50; “Telecon with President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federation,” August 21, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-21--Yeltsin%20[[1]].pdf
; “Assorted JAB Notes from Events Related to Attempted Coup in USSR, 8/12–8/22,” James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 6.

21
. Dunlop, “The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics,” 111; Stepankov and Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor,
186–187;
Krasnoe ili beloe,
251.

22
. Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 632–640; Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow,
2008), 982–983; Stepankov and Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor,
205–207;
Krasnoe i beloe,
141–142; Dunlop, “The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics.”

23
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
531–532; “Telecon with President Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR,” August 21, 2011, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-21—Gorbachev.pdf
; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
983; “Exchange with Reporters in Kennebunkport, Maine, on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union,” August 21, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3322&year=1991&month=8
.

24
. Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
101; Pavel Palazhchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
(University Park, PA, 1997), 311–312; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
983.

25
. Stepankov and Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor,
208–210, 213–217, 297.

CHAPTER 7

1
. “Press-konferentsiia prezidenta SSSR,”
Pravda,
August 23, 1991.

2
. “Vozvrashchenie prezidenta SSSR,”
Pravda,
August 23, 1991.

3
. Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 984;
Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire
(New York, 1994), 494–495; Michael Dobbs,
Down with Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
(New York, 1997), 411.

4
.
V Politbiuro TsK KPSS po zapisiam Anatoliia Cherniaeva, Vadima Medvedeva, Georgiia Shakhnazarova (1985–1991)
(Moscow, 2000), 497–498; Vadim Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva. Vzgliad iznutri
(Moscow, 1994), 199–200; Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 641.

5
. “Press-konferentsiia prezidenta SSSR,”
Pravda,
August 23, 1991;
V Politbiuro TsK KPSS,
497–498.

6
. “Rossiiskii trikolor, kak simvol avgusta 1991 g.,” Radio Svoboda, August 21, 2009,
www.svobodanews.ru/content/article/1804909.html
; Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 106–109.

7
.
Izvestiia,
August 23, 1991;
Raspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992 gg.)
, vol. 1,
Normativnye akty. Ofitsial'nye soobshcheniia
, ed. S. M. Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 841–843, 847–849; Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva,
199–200.

8
. Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
106–109; Korzhakov,
Boris El'tsin,
115–117; Evgenii Shaposhnikov,
Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego
(Moscow, 1993), 62–65.

9
. Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
106.

10
. “Opros. ‘Ulitsa' o M. Gorbacheve,”
Argumenty i fakty,
no. 33 (August 23) 1991, 6; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
642.

11
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
644–645.

12
.
V Politbiuro TsK KPSS,
697–698.

13
. Collins to the Secretary of State, “Communist Monuments Coming Down. Lenin May Be Evicted from Mausoleum,” August 26, 1991, 2, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, White House Situation Room Files: USSR Part 4 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 9.

14
. Shaposhnikov,
Vybor,
63.

15
. Korzhakov,
Boris El'tsin,
116–117, Evgenii Sevostianov, “V avguste 91-go,”
www.savostyanov.ru/index_6.html
; Dobbs,
Down with Big Brother,
411–417; Yeltsin,
Struggle for Russia,
100; Remnick,
Lenin's Tomb,
493–494.

16
. “Gorbachev's Speech to Russians: A Major Regrouping of Political Forces,”
New York Times,
6–7; Remnick,
Lenin's Tomb,
494–495.

17
. “Gorbachev's Speech to Russians,” 7; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
644; Petr Aven and Al'fred Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!,” interview with Gennadii Burbulis,
Forbes
(Russian edition), July 22, 2010,
www.forbes.ru/node/53407/print
.

18
. Aven and Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!”; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
644.

19
. Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 438.

20
. Memorandum of telephone conversation with Boris Yeltsin, August 21, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-21—Yeltsin%20[2].pdf
.

21
. American Counsul to the Secretary of State, “Kozyrev in Strasbourg: Stand for Election or Stand Aside,” August 21, 1991.

22
.
Krasnoe ili beloe? Drama avgusta-91. Fakty, gipotezy, stolknoveniia mnenii
(Moscow, 1992), 116–117.

23
.
Raspad SSSR,
853–856;
V Politbiuro TsK KPSS,
699–701; Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva,
201–202; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
643–645.

24
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
967–968; “TsK KPSS. Ob orientirovke dlia partiinykh komitetov po zakonu RSFSR ‘O militsii, 4 iiunia 1991,' RGANI, fond 89, op. 11, no. 90; “Informatsiia o deiatel'nosti partiinykh organizatsii Kompartii RSFSR v usloviiakh deistviia Ukaza Prezidenta RSFSR ot 20 iiulia 1991 g.,” RGANI, fond 89, op. 23, no. 8.

25
. Valentin Stepankov and Evgenii Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor. Versiia sledstviia
(Moscow, 1992), 236–254; “Pugo, Boris Karlovich,”
http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=109919
.

26
. Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva,
198; A. Kutsenko,
Marshaly i admiraly flota Sovetskogo Soiuza
(Kyiv, 2007), 18–21.

27
. “Soviet Turmoil. New Suicide: Budget Director,”
New York Times,
August 27, 1991; Dobbs,
Down with Big Brother,
420–421; Stepankov and
Lisov,
Kremlevskii zagovor,
233–236;
Raspad SSSR,
85–57; Stephen Kotkin,
Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000
(Oxford, 2001), 113–117.

CHAPTER 8

1
. Fedir Turchenko,
HKChP i proholoshennia nezalezhnosti Ukraïny: pohliad iz Zaporizhzhia
(Zaporizhia, 2011), 108–111.

2
. Interview with John Stepanchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91, pt. 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/315/
.

3
. Interview with Leonid Kravchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 8,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/510
; Vasyl' Tuhluk, “Den', shcho zminyv khid istoriï,”
Uriadovyi kur'ier
, August 23, 1991.

4
. Sergei Rakhmanin, “Boris Sharikov: ‘To' chto GKChP provalilsia ia pochuvstvoval, kogda uvidel press-konferentsiiu chlenov komiteta,'”
Zerkalo nedeli
, August 18, 2001.

5
. Iurii Shapoval, “Iak HKChP-isty kraïnu z kryzy vyvodyly,”
Dzerkalo tyzhnia
, August 19, 2001; Rakhmanin, “Boris Sharikov”; interview with Leonid Kravchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 8,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/510
; Leonid Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo. Spohady i rozdumy
(Kyiv, 2002), 94–98; interview with Valentin Varennikov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 2,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/401/
.

6
. Author's interview with Leonid Kravchuk, Kyiv, September 1, 2011; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
99.

7
. Dmytro Kyians'kyi, “Akademik. Vitse-prem'ier. Dyplomat,”
Dzerkalo tyzhnia
, February 2, 2002; “Ievhen Marchuk: Iakby ia chysto shyzofrenichno zakhotiv zrobyty
HKChP,” Ukraïns'ka pravda,
August 12, 2011,
http://www.istpravda.com.ua/digest/2011/08/12/51759/view_comments/
.

8
. Interview with Heorhii Kriuchkov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 4,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/516/
; “Iz shifrotelegrammy TsK Kompartii Ukrainy,” in
Nezavisimost' Ukrainy: Khronika,
http://usenet.su/showthread.php/222481-5-5
.

9
. Interview with Adam Martyniuk,
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 4,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/603
; “Iz vystupleniia Predsedatelia Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta USSR L. M. Kravchuka po ukrainskomu televideniiu, 19 avgusta 1991 g.,” in
Nezavisimost' Ukrainy: Khronika
; US Embassy in Moscow to Secretary of State, August 23, 1991, “Reaction in Ukraine to the Coup in Moscow,” 2, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council,
White House Situation Room Files: USSR Part 4 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 5.