The Last Empire (69 page)

1
. David Reynolds,
Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century
(New York, 2007), 1–102.

2
. “U.S.-Soviet Relations and the Moscow Summit,” July 26, 1991, C-SPAN,
www.c-spanvideo.org/program/19799-1
; Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, July 31, 1991. US Department of State,
http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/starthtm/start/start1.html
.

3
. John Lewis Gaddis,
The Cold War: A New History
(New York, 2006); Henry Kissinger,
Diplomacy
(New York, 1996), 423–732; Vladislav M. Zubok,
A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2007), 1–226.

4
. Scott Shane, “Cold War's Riskiest Moment,”
Baltimore Sun,
August 31, 2003.

5
. “Atomic War Film Spurs Nationwide Discussion,”
New York Times,
November 22, 1983; Ronald Reagan,
An American Life
(New York, 1990), 585–586; Beth A. Fisher,
The Reagan Reversal: Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War
(Columbia, MO, 2000); Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Nation and
Other Countries on United States–Soviet Relations, January 16, 1984,”
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1984/11684a.html
.

6
. Barbara Bush,
A Memoir
(New York, 1994); George Bush,
All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings
(New York, 2000); Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin,
George Bush: An Unauthorized Biography
(Joshua Tree, CA, 2004).

7
. “Remarks at the Arrival Ceremony in Moscow, July 30, 1991” and “Remarks by President Gorbachev and President Bush at the Signing Ceremony for the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Treaty in Moscow, July 31, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3256&year=1991&month=7
.

8
. Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 411; George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 510–511.

9
. “Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev,” Trip of President Bush to Moscow and Kiev, July 30–August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, Office of the First Lady, Scheduling, Ann Brock Series: Moscow Summit, Monday 7/29/91 to Thursday 8/1/91—Moscow and Kiev, no. 4.

10
. Archie Brown,
The Gorbachev Factor
(Oxford, 1997); Andrei Grachev,
Gorbachev's Gamble: Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War
(Cambridge, 2008); Raymond L. Garthoff,
The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War
(Washington, D.C., 1994); Don Oberdorfer,
From the End of the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983–1991
(Baltimore, 1998).

11
. Walter Goodman, “Summit Image: Hardly a Mikhail and George Show,”
New York Times,
August 1, 1991; Gene Gibbons, “Pre Advance Pool Report, Moscow Summit, July 29–August 1, 1991, July 25, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, White House Office of Media Affairs, Media Guide to the President's Trip to the USSR—Summer 1991.

12
. Goodman, “Summit Image”; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
511; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
415.

13
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
411–412; “Memorandum of Conversation. Extended Bilateral Meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR, July 30, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-07-30—Gorbachev%20[1].pdf
.

14
. Strobe Talbott, “Mikhail Gorbachev and George Bush: The Summit Goodfellas,”
Time
, August 5, 1991.

15
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
405–406.

16
.
Jane's Strategic Weapons Systems
, issue 50, ed. Duncan Lennox (Surrey, 2009), 161–163; “Study Details Catastrophic Impact of Nuclear Attack on US Cities,”
Space War
, March 23, 2007,
www.spacewar.com/reports/Study_Details_Catastrophic_Impact_Of_Nuclear_Attack_On_US_Cities_999.html
.

17
. Pavel Palazhchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
(University Park, PA, 1997), 292–293; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
508–509; “Beseda Gorbacheva s Dzh. Bushem v Londone, 17 iiulia 1991 goda,” in
V Politbiuro TsK KPSS po zapisiam Anatoliia Cherniaeva, Vadima Medvedeva, Georgiia Shakhnazarova (1985–1991)
(Moscow, 2000), 695–696.

18
. “Memorandum of Conversation. Extended Bilateral Meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR, July 30, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-07-30—Gorbachev%20[1].pdf

19
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
511–512; David Remnick, “All Substance, No Style Makes a Dull Summit: Businesslike Bush Forsakes the Flourishes,”
Washington Post,
July 31, 1991.

20
. Goodman, “Summit Image,”
New York Times,
August 1, 1991.

21
. Remnick, “All Substance, No Style”; Ann Devroy, “First Lady: Bush Must Run Again: ‘For Country's Sake,' She Tells Interviewers,”
Washington Post,
August 1, 1991; White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Interview of Ms. Bush by Steve Fox, ABC, July 31, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns and Ed A. Hewett Files: POTUS Meetings March 1991–July 1991: Moscow Summit, July 1991, no. 1.

22
. “Raisa Maksimovna Gorbachev,” Trip of President Bush to Moscow and Kiev, July 30–August 1, 1991; Raisa Gorbacheva,
Ia nadeius'
(Moscow, 1991); Anatolii Cherniaev and Vitalii Gusenkov, Memo for Mikhail Gorbachev on the Program of His Visit to the United States from May 29 to June 4, 1990, Gorbachev Foundation Archive, fond 2, no. 8288.1; Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 939; “Raisa Gorbachev to Join Barbara Bush at Wellesley,”
Harvard Crimson,
May 18, 1990; “Wellesley Students Hail Raisa Gorbachev,”
New York Times,
May 20, 1990.

23
. Barbara Bush, Address to Soviet Children, July 1991, Trip of President Bush to Moscow and Kiev, July 30–August 1, 1991; Francis X. Clines, “Red Square Is Beautiful. That's Agreed,”
New York Times,
July 31, 1991; J. Y. Smith, “Raisa Gorbachev, Activist First Lady Dies,”
Washington Post,
September 20, 1999; Barbara Bush, “Eulogy: Raisa Gorbachev,”
Time
, October 4, 1999.

24
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
415; Galina Markova,
Bol'shoi kremlevskii dvorets
(Moscow, 1981).

25
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
514; “Remarks by President Gorbachev and President Bush at the Signing Ceremony for the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Treaty in Moscow, 31 July 1991,” Bush Presidential
Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3256&year=1991&month=7
.

26
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, 514; R. W. Apple Jr., “Summit in Moscow: Bush and Gorbachev Sign Pact to Curtail Nuclear Arsenals, Join in Call for Mid-East Talks,”
New York Times,
August 1, 1991.

27
. Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 624.

28
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
624; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
968–969.

29
. Internal Points for Bessmertnykh Meeting, July 28, 1991, James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 5; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
514–515.

30
. Esther B. Fein, “Summit in Moscow: The God (of Technology) That Failed,”
New York Times,
August 1, 1991.

CHAPTER 2

1
. Strobe Talbott, “Mikhail Gorbachev and George Bush: The Summit Goodfellas,”
Time
, August 5, 1991; “At Big Moment, Little Earpiece Fails,”
New York Times,
August 1, 1991.

2
. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 514–515; “Toasts at a Dinner Hosted by President Bush in Moscow, 31 July 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3256&year=1991&month=7
.

3
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
510–514; Pavel Palazhchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
(University Park, PA, 1997), 305–306; “Dmitriy Timofeyevich Yazov,” The Trip of President Bush to Moscow and Kiev, July 30–August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library.

4
. Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 624–625; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
300–301; Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 413; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
512; Jack Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union
(New York, 1994), 564.

5
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
624–625; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
300–301; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
413; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
512; Jerry Seib, “Pool Report no. 11. Bush, Gorbachev—and Yeltsin—Go to Dinner. Moscow, USSR, Tuesday, July 30, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Files, Subject Files: Moscow Summit—Press Releases, Fact Sheets, Remarks, no. 2; Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire,
564.

6
. For biographies of Yeltsin, see Timothy J. Colton,
Yeltsin: A Life
(New York, 2008), and Leon Aron,
Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life
(New York, 2000).
Cf. Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994).

7
. “Boris Nikolaevitch Yeltsin,” The Trip of President Bush to Moscow and Kiev, July 30–August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library.

8
. Colton,
Yeltsin
, 183–184; Petr Aven and Al'fred Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!,” interview with Gennadii Burbulis,
Forbes
(Russian edition), July 22, 2010,
www.forbes.ru/node/53407/print
.

9
. Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008)
,
862–863, 968; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
601–602.

10
. Oleg Shenin, “Ot partii zhdut ėnergichnykh deistvii,” draft of a speech delivered at a meeting of secretaries of republican, regional, and oblast committees, January 24, 1991, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii (Russian State Archives of Recent History, hereafter RGANI), fond 89, op. 23, no. 2, 25–26.

11
. “TsK KPSS. Ob obstanovke v partiinoi organizatsii sovetskikh uchrezhdenii v g. Zheneva (Shveitsariia),” RGANI, fond 89, op. 20, no. 23, 1–6;
Economic Survey of Europe,
no. 3 (2003): 125.

12
. Mark R. Beissinger,
Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State
(Cambridge, 2002), 147–199.

13
. Quoted in Edward W. Walker,
Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union
(Lanham, MD, 2003)
,
88.

14
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 150–155; Yegor Likhachev,
Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin
(New York, 1996); Archie Brown,
The Gorbachev Factor
(Oxford, 1996); Archie Brown,
Seven Years That Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective
(Oxford, 2007).

15
.
V Politbiuro TsK KPSS po zapisiam Anatoliia Cherniaeva, Vadima Medvedeva, Georgiia Shakhnazarova (1985–1991)
(Moscow, 2000), 499, 529; Beissinger,
Nationalist Mobilization,
405.

16
. Roman Szporluk, “Dilemmas of Russian Nationalism,” in
Russia
,
Ukraine and the Breakup of the Soviet Union
(Stanford, 2000), 183–228; Beissinger,
Nationalist Mobilization,
390–396, 401–416; Walker,
Dissolution,
78–81.

17
. Eduard Shevardnadze to James Baker, Moscow, January 20, 1991, James A. Baker Papers, box 102, folder 35.

18
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
862–863.

19
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
326–347, 569–607; Walker,
Dissolution
, 55–136.