The Last Empire (82 page)

    
Gorbachev and,
319–322
,
342–343
,
357–358

    
Gorbachev's resignation and,
xiii–xiv
,
xviii–xix
,
40
,
74
,
148
,
149–150
,
327–328
,
367–386

    
Kazakhstan and,
344–353
,
356

    
Kyrgyzstan and,
322
,
345–346

    
Moldova and,
360
,
361

    
opposition to,
319–322
,
324–326

    
public response to,
344

    
territorial violence and,
360
,
361

    
Turkmenistan,
322
,
352–353

    
Ukraine and,
358–359

    
Ukrainian referendum and,
275–294
,
303–304
,
399
,
402

    
with union-to-commonwealth transfer of power,
xiii–xiv
,
xviii–xix
,
40
,
74
,
148
,
149–150
,
327–328
,
344
,
365–387

    
U.S. reaction to,
322
,
323–324
,
327–333
,
335–343
,
348

    
Uzbekistan,
322
,
345
,
353–356

    
Yeltsin and,
358

Communist Party

    
decline,
141–145
,
148
,
152–153
,
167
,
259
,
396

    
finances of,
150–151

    
hard-currency dues collected by,
32–33

    
with membership exodus,
31–33
,
34

    
reform of,
139

    
sovereignty and,
34–40

    
Yeltsin, Boris, and split from,
30–31
,
32

Conspiracy theories, Soviet collapse and,
xvi

Corruption

    
bribes and,
353–354

    
reform and,
349–350

    
in Uzbekistan,
353–355

Cotton,
353
,
354–355
,
356

“Cotton Case.”
See
“Uzbek Case”

Council for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE),
201

Coup d'état, of August 1991,
xviii–xix
,
44

    
aftermath,
133–143

    
Baker and,
116
,
125
,
200

    
Boldin and,
81
,
83–84
,
85
,
86
,
89–90

    
Bush, George H. W., and,
104–105
,
106–108
,
112
,
113–115
,
123–124
,
128–129
,
235
,
236

    
CIA and,
105
,
106

    
defectors,
120–121

    
demonstrations,
161

    
foreign press and,
98
,
115–116
,
118
,
161

    
Gates and,
104
,
105–106
,
124

    
González, Felipe, and,
235

    
Gorbachev and,
40
,
80–86
,
88–92
,
96
,
97–99
,
100
,
101
,
104
,
105
,
106
,
113
,
114
,
124–130
,
133–134
,
138
,
143
,
147
,
155
,
159
,
235
,
236
,
396

    
Gorbacheva and,
82
,
92
,
126–127
,
129
,
133
,
234

    
intelligentsia and,
103–104

    
KGB and,
77
,
81
,
82
,
84
,
86
,
88–89
,
91
,
100
,
108
,
110–111
,
120–121
,
148
,
160

    
Kozyrev and,
110–114

    
Kravchuk, Leonid, and,
114
,
124
,
155–158
,
160
,
161–162
,
164

    
Kriuchkov and,
82
,
83–84
,
86
,
88
,
89–91
,
95–96
,
97
,
99
,
100
,
111
,
116
,
120
,
121
,
123
,
125–127
,
130
,
145
,
160

    
Muscovites' response to,
102–104
,
107–109
,
118–120
,
134
,
139–141
,
142–143

    
Nazarbayev and,
114

    
news media and,
98–99
,
103
,
108
,
113
,
115–116
,
118–119
,
138
,
158
,
161

    
nuclear briefcases and,
81

    
Operation Thunder and,
116–117
,
119–121
,
123

    
opposition to,
99
,
101–117
,
119–124
,
127–130
,
155–158
,
160–162
,
164

    
Pavlov and,
86
,
88
,
89
,
90
,
91
,
95
,
97
,
99
,
114
,
145
,
202

    
press conference,
98–99
,
126

    
public response to,
102–104
,
107–109
,
118–120
,
134
,
139–141
,
142–143
,
161

    
Pugo, Boris, and,
86
,
88
,
97
,
99
,
100

    
Putin and,
120–121

    
resolution,
127–130
,
133–134
,
135
,
140
,
146
,
148–149

    
Rukh on,
160–161

    
Rutskoi and,
125
,
129–130
,
134

    
Scowcroft and,
104
,
105
,
106
,
128

    
Soviet military and,
77
,
81–91
,
95–100
,
102–103
,
105
,
108
,
111–112
,
114
,
116–121
,
123
,
124–128
,
130
,
134
,
135
,
145–146
,
148–149
,
159
,
160
,
202

    
Ukraine and,
155–162
,
169

    
U.S. reaction to,
74–77
,
81
,
105–108
,
114–115
,
200

    
Yanaev and,
83
,
85
,
86
,
88
,
90–91
,
97–100
,
105
,
112
,
116–117
,
120
,
149

    
Yazov and,
81
,
83
,
86
,
88
,
89–90
,
97
,
99–100
,
102–103
,
114
,
116–117
,
120
,
121
,
124
,
125–126
,
130
,
145
,
160

    
Yeltsin, Boris, and,
93–104
,
106–119
,
121–125
,
128
,
134
,
147
,
161
,
398

    
Yeltsin, Boris, countercoup and,
137–138
,
143–144

Coup d'états

    
of 1917 and Bolsheviks,
11
,
98
,
243
,
329
,
365
,
394

    
of 1964 with Khrushchev,
81
,
82
,
98

    
in Chechnia,
244

Covert operations

    
Kennedy assassination,
369

    
Operation Thunder,
116–117
,
119–121
,
123

    
U.S.-led,
123–124
,
369

    
See also
Central Intelligence Agency
;
KGB

Cowell, Alan,
235

Crimea,
259
,
280

    
borders,
176
,
177

    
population,
281

    
Russia-to-Ukraine transfer of,
176–177
,
280–281

    
sovereignty and,
171
,
281–282

    
Ukrainian referendum and,
293

Crimean Tatars,
177
,
281

Croatia,
272

CSCE.
See
Council for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Cuba,
6
,
21
,
202–203
,
204
,
404

Cuban Missile Crisis,
6

Currency,
226

Czechoslovakia,
12
,
193
,
282
,
283

Dairy farming,
300

Dance.
See
Lezginka

The Day After
(film),
7

de Gaulle, Charles,
327

Declaration on the Rights of Nationalities of Ukraine,
285

DeConcini, Dennis,
261

Defectors

    
of coup d'état of August 1991,
120–121

    
in Soviet Foreign Service,
33

    
See also
Intelligentsia

Democracy.
See
Electoral democracy

Demonstrations

    
in Baltics and Caucasus,
34
,
39

    
Chernobyl,
55

    
against coup d'état of August 1991,
161

    
for democratic revolution,
139–143
,
202

    
hunger strikes,
282

    
in Kazakhstan,
349–350

    
KGB,
140–141

    
in Lithuania,
50–51
,
117–118

    
sovereignty,
38–39
,
64–65
,
117–118
,
152–153
,
164
,
179–180
,
206
,
245
,
282