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Chapter Ten: The Royal Charade
A report on the exhumations at Sainte-Marguerite can be found Francq and also in the journal
La Ville de Paris,
August 27 and 28, 1884, Nos. 1364 and 1365. The more recent investigations at the site have been described by the late Michel Fleury:
Rapport par M Fleury sur les résultats du sondage effectué au cimetière Sainte-Marguerite …
Procès-verbal de la Commission du Vieux, Paris, séance du 10.12.79; and also
Le Cimetière Sainte Marguerite: Osteo-Archealogie des Dernières Fouiller (Septembre 1979)
Proces-Verbal séance du 3.11.80.
La Ville de Paris,
August 27 and 28, 1884, Nos. 1364 and 1365. The more recent investigations at the site have been described by the late Michel Fleury:
Rapport par M Fleury sur les résultats du sondage effectué au cimetière Sainte-Marguerite …
Procès-verbal de la Commission du Vieux, Paris, séance du 10.12.79; and also
Le Cimetière Sainte Marguerite: Osteo-Archealogie des Dernières Fouiller (Septembre 1979)
Proces-Verbal séance du 3.11.80.
An introduction to early developments in forensic science: Beaven, Colin. Fingerprints:
Murder and the Race to Uncover the Science of Identity
(Fourth Estate, 2002). Castelot’s research into the validity of Naundorff’s claims is set out in: Castelot, A.
Louis XVII, L’Enigme Résolue.
(Brussels: Chabassol, 1947), and Castelot, A.
Louis XVII
(Paris: Perrin, 1968). See also, Le Conte, R.
Louis XVII et les Faux Dauphins
(Paris: P.U.F., 1924). Further information on Charlotte, Lady Atkyns can be found in: Barbey, F.
A Friend of Marie-Atttoinette (Lady Atkyns)
(London: Chapman Hall, 1906).
Murder and the Race to Uncover the Science of Identity
(Fourth Estate, 2002). Castelot’s research into the validity of Naundorff’s claims is set out in: Castelot, A.
Louis XVII, L’Enigme Résolue.
(Brussels: Chabassol, 1947), and Castelot, A.
Louis XVII
(Paris: Perrin, 1968). See also, Le Conte, R.
Louis XVII et les Faux Dauphins
(Paris: P.U.F., 1924). Further information on Charlotte, Lady Atkyns can be found in: Barbey, F.
A Friend of Marie-Atttoinette (Lady Atkyns)
(London: Chapman Hall, 1906).
The changing attitudes to the various French pretenders in postwar France is reported in many newspapers of the time: The
Times,
“French Royalist Manifesto” (11/23/37); The
Times,
“Proposed Repeal of Exiles.” (6/23/49);
Manchester Guardian,
“French Pretender back in France” (5/18/50);
Daily Telegraph,
“Royalist France” (3/1/55);
Daily, Telegraph,
“Is de Gaulle a Royalist?” (7/3/57);
Daily Telegraph,
“Royalism in France” (3/10/55); The
Times,
“Deep-seated loyalties of the Vendée,” (11/10/58);
Sunday Telegraph,
“Prominent Pretender,” (11/11/62);
The Guardian,
“De Gaulle ‘sees count as his heir’” (1/21/69).
Times,
“French Royalist Manifesto” (11/23/37); The
Times,
“Proposed Repeal of Exiles.” (6/23/49);
Manchester Guardian,
“French Pretender back in France” (5/18/50);
Daily Telegraph,
“Royalist France” (3/1/55);
Daily, Telegraph,
“Is de Gaulle a Royalist?” (7/3/57);
Daily Telegraph,
“Royalism in France” (3/10/55); The
Times,
“Deep-seated loyalties of the Vendée,” (11/10/58);
Sunday Telegraph,
“Prominent Pretender,” (11/11/62);
The Guardian,
“De Gaulle ‘sees count as his heir’” (1/21/69).
For the developments in the Naundorff family’s legal case during the 1950s see contemporary press reports: The
Times,
“Temple Prison Report Recalled” (5/13/54); The
Times, “
Naundorff’s life history” (5/20/54); The
Times,
“Inconsistencies in the Naundorff Claim” (5/21/54);
Daily Telegraph,
“Bourbon Claimant,” (5/24/54);
Manchester Guardian,
“Circus Manager who wants to be King” (5/6/54); The
Times,
“A Dauphin who knew no French”
(5/26/54);
Manchester Guardian,
“Bourbon claimant Fails” (7/2/54); N. Y.
Herald Tribune,
“Court Rules Dauphin Died in Prison in 1795” (7/2/54).
Times,
“Temple Prison Report Recalled” (5/13/54); The
Times, “
Naundorff’s life history” (5/20/54); The
Times,
“Inconsistencies in the Naundorff Claim” (5/21/54);
Daily Telegraph,
“Bourbon Claimant,” (5/24/54);
Manchester Guardian,
“Circus Manager who wants to be King” (5/6/54); The
Times,
“A Dauphin who knew no French”
(5/26/54);
Manchester Guardian,
“Bourbon claimant Fails” (7/2/54); N. Y.
Herald Tribune,
“Court Rules Dauphin Died in Prison in 1795” (7/2/54).
A full account of events as the heart of the orphan of the Temple was given to the Spanish Bourbons, including relevant correspondence, is in:
Louis XVII Fin de L’Odyssée d’un Coeur Royal
Supplement to
Littoral de La Somme
(11/16/1895).
Louis XVII Fin de L’Odyssée d’un Coeur Royal
Supplement to
Littoral de La Somme
(11/16/1895).
Chapter Eleven: Resolution
I am indebted to Professor Jean-Jacques Cassiman, Dr. Hans Petrie and Sir Alec Jeffreys for fascinating interviews explaining the scientific background and the genetics history. Their research is published in the following scientific papers:
For testing on the heart of the orphan of the Temple: F. Jehaes, H. Pfeiffer, K. Toprak, R. Decorte, B. Brinkmann, and J. J. Cassiman: “Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the putative heart of Louis XVII, son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette,”
European Journal of Human Genetics:
9 (2001): 185-190.
European Journal of Human Genetics:
9 (2001): 185-190.
For the earlier testing on Naundorff: E. Jehaes, R. Decorte, A. Peneau, H. J. Petrie, P. Boiry, A. Gilissen, J. B. Moisan, H. Van den Berghe, O. Pascal, and J.J. Cassiman: “Mitochondrial DNA analysis on remains of a putative son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette”
European Journal of Human Genetics
6 (1998): 383-395. For a very different perspective on this science from Naundorff’s descendents see their website at:
www.louis-xvii.com
European Journal of Human Genetics
6 (1998): 383-395. For a very different perspective on this science from Naundorff’s descendents see their website at:
www.louis-xvii.com
Jeffreys’s breakthrough on genetic fingerprinting is described in: E. Hagelberg, I. C. Gray, and A. J Jeffreys. “Identification of the skeletal remains of a murder victim by DNA analysis,”
Nature
352 (1991): 427-429. For details of the groundbreaking Mengele case see: A. J.Jeffreys, M.J. Allen, E. Hagelberg, and A. Sonnberg: “Identification of the skeletal remains of Josef Mengele by DNA analysis,”
Forensic Science International
56 (1992): 65-76.
Nature
352 (1991): 427-429. For details of the groundbreaking Mengele case see: A. J.Jeffreys, M.J. Allen, E. Hagelberg, and A. Sonnberg: “Identification of the skeletal remains of Josef Mengele by DNA analysis,”
Forensic Science International
56 (1992): 65-76.
The scientific testing on the czar and his family is set out in: P. Gill, P. L. Ivanov, C. Kimpton, R. Piercy, N. Benson, G. Tully, I. Evett, E. Hagelberg, and K. Sullivan “Identification of the Remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis,”
Nature Genetics
6 (1994: 130-135.
Nature Genetics
6 (1994: 130-135.
For contemporary press reports of the genetic testing see: The
New York Times,
“A Genetic Denouement to the Tale of Prince’s Death” (4/20/00);
Washington Post,
“Tell-tale Heart Finds Its Place in History” (4/20/00);
The Guardian
, “DNA tests get to the heart of a 200 year old mystery” (4/20/00);
Irish Times,
“Boy’s heart survives centuries to solve royal mystery” (4/26/00);
Associated Press
, “Case closed: Last Bourbon heir died in 1795” and “Long Dead Boy Identified as Louis XVII” (4/20/00).
New York Times,
“A Genetic Denouement to the Tale of Prince’s Death” (4/20/00);
Washington Post,
“Tell-tale Heart Finds Its Place in History” (4/20/00);
The Guardian
, “DNA tests get to the heart of a 200 year old mystery” (4/20/00);
Irish Times,
“Boy’s heart survives centuries to solve royal mystery” (4/26/00);
Associated Press
, “Case closed: Last Bourbon heir died in 1795” and “Long Dead Boy Identified as Louis XVII” (4/20/00).
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European Journal of Human Genetics
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The controversy over Tillos’s theft and Pellatan’s fruitless attempts to return the heart to the royal family is in the same document, pp. 8-19:
Dépot conservation du Coeur de Louis XVII, incident du vol qui m’en a été fait et de la restitution
… For details of Pellatan’s transfer of the heart to Archbishop de Quélin see pp. 29-34:
Narration simple et vraie des démarches que je n’ai cessé de faire … pour déposer le précieux objet.
A statement from Pellatan’s son, Philippe-Gabriel, sets out details of the raid on the archbishop’s palace and the subsequent recovery of the heart, see pp. 57-59. For a full account of events as the heart of the orphan of the Temple was given to the Spanish Bourbons, including relevant correspondence:
Louis XVII Fin de L’Odyssée d’un Coeur Royal,
supplement to
Littoral de La Somme
(11/16/1895). Biographical details and Pellatan’s correspondence relating to the heart are included in the
Appendix of Revue Retrospective.
Documents Concernant Le Coeur de Louis XVII. Revue Retrospective
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Mémoire Historique sur les derniers jours de la vie de Louis XVII et sur la Conservations de ses précieux restes.
The controversy over Tillos’s theft and Pellatan’s fruitless attempts to return the heart to the royal family is in the same document, pp. 8-19:
Dépot conservation du Coeur de Louis XVII, incident du vol qui m’en a été fait et de la restitution
… For details of Pellatan’s transfer of the heart to Archbishop de Quélin see pp. 29-34:
Narration simple et vraie des démarches que je n’ai cessé de faire … pour déposer le précieux objet.
A statement from Pellatan’s son, Philippe-Gabriel, sets out details of the raid on the archbishop’s palace and the subsequent recovery of the heart, see pp. 57-59. For a full account of events as the heart of the orphan of the Temple was given to the Spanish Bourbons, including relevant correspondence:
Louis XVII Fin de L’Odyssée d’un Coeur Royal,
supplement to
Littoral de La Somme
(11/16/1895). Biographical details and Pellatan’s correspondence relating to the heart are included in the
Appendix of Revue Retrospective.
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. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983.
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