The Making of the Mind: The Neuroscience of Human Nature (38 page)

34
. Mina Cikara, Rachel A. Farnsworth, Lasana T. Harris, and Susan T. Fiske, “On the Wrong Side of the Trolley Track: Neural Correlates of Relative Social Evaluation,”
Scan
5 (2010): 405.

35
. Ibid., p. 409.

36
. Ibid., p. 410–11.

CHAPTER 9. MORALITY

1
. Marvin W. Berkowitz and Stephen A. Sheldon, “Fairness.” In
Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification
, eds. Christopher Peterson and Martin E. P. Seligman (New York: American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 391–92.

2
. Ibid., pp. 392–93.

3
. Ibid., pp. 394–95.

4
. Ibid., pp. 396–97.

5
. Ibid., p. 399.

6
. Bruno S. Frey, David A. Savage, and Benno Torgler, “Interaction of Natural Survival Instincts and Internalized Social Norms Exploring the
Titanic
and
Lusitania
Disasters,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
107 (2010): 4862–65.

7
. Ibid., p. 4863.

8
. Albert Bandura, “Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities,”
Personality and Social Psychology Review
3 (1999): 196.

9
. Jerry M. Burgher, “Replicating Milgram: Would People Still Obey Today?”
American Psychologist
64 (2009): 1.

10
. Ibid., p. 8.

11
. Ibid., p. 1.

12
. Joshua D. Greene, R. Brian Sommerville, Leigh E. Nystrom, John M. Darley, and Jonathon D. Cohen, “An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment,”
Science
293 (September 2001): 2106.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Randy L. Buckner, Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna, and Daniel L. Schacter, “The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1124 (2008): 21.

15
. Jonathan Haidt, “Morality,”
Perspectives on Psychological Science
3 (2008): 69.

16
. Jana Schaich Borg, Debra Lieberman, and Kent A. Kiehl, “Infection, Incest, and Iniquity: Investigating the Neural Correlates of Disgust and Morality,”
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
20, no. 9 (2008): 1530.

17
. Ibid., p. 1541.

18
. Marco Iacoboni et al., “Grasping the Intentions of Others with One's Own Mirror Neuron System,”
PLoS Biology
3 e79 (March 2005): 0531.

19
. Chadd M. Funk and Michael S. Gazzaniga, “The Functional Brain Architecture of Human Morality,”
Current Opinion in Neurobiology
19 (2009): 679.

20
. Ibid., p. 680.

21
. Thalia Wheatley and Jonathan Haidt, “Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe,”
Psychological Science
16 (2005): 781.

22
. Ibid., pp. 782–83.

23
. Ibid., p. 783.

24
. Funk and Gazzaniga, “The Functional Brain Architecture of Human Morality,” p. 680.

25
. Iacoboni et al., “Grasping the Intentions of Others,” p. 0529.

26
. Jean Decety and Andrew N. Meltzoff, “Empathy, Imitation, and the Social Brain.” In
Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives
, eds. Amy Copland and Peter Goldie (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 68–69.

27
. Ibid., pp. 69–70.

28
. Jean Decety and Phillip L. Jackson, “A Social-Neuroscience Perspective on Empathy,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
15 (2006): 54.

29
. Ibid., p. 55.

30
. Ibid.

31
. Iacoboni et al. “Grasping the Intentions of Others,” p. 0531.

32
. Decety and Jackson, “A Social-Neuroscience Perspective on Empathy,” p. 56.

33
. Ibid., pp. 56–57.

34
. Roy Baumeister and Julie Juola Exline, “Virtue, Personality, and Social Relations: Self-Control as the Moral Muscle,”
Journal of Personality
67 (1999): 1176.

35
. Cynthia L. Ogden et al., “Prevalence of Obesity in the United States, 2009–2010,” NCHS Data Brief No. 82, available from
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db82.pdf
(accessed January 2012), p. 1.

36
. Nouriel Roubini and Stephen Mihm,
Crisis Economics: A Crash Course in the Future of Finance
(New York: Penguin Press, 2010), p. 32.

37
. Natasha Vargas-Cooper, “Hard Core: The New World of Porn Is Revealing Eternal Truths about Men and Women”
Atlantic
(January/February 2011), p. 97.

38
. Thomas Suddendorf and Michael C. Corballis, “The Evolution of Foresight: What Is Mental Time Travel, and Is It Unique to Humans?”
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
30 (June 2007): 312.

39
. Baumeister and Exline, “Virtue, Personality, and Social Relations,” p. 1177.

40
. Ibid.

41
. Ibid.

42
. Ibid., p. 1178.

43
. Annabelle Belcher and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, “Neurolaw,”
WIREs Cognitive Science
1 (January/February 2010): 19.

44
. Ibid., pp. 19–20.

45
. Laurence Steinberg, “Risk Taking in Adolescence: New Perspectives from Brain and Behavioral Science,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
16 (2007): 56.

46
. Ibid.

47
. Ibid.

48
. Michael Koenigs et al., “Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex Increases Utilitarian Moral Judgments,”
Nature
446 (2007): 908.

49
. Michael F. Lorber, “Psychophysiology of Aggression, Psychopathy, and Conduct Problems: A Meta-Analysis,”
Psychological Bulletin
130 (2004): 532.

CHAPTER 10. SPIRITUALITY

1
. Andrew Curry, “Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple?”
Smithsonian Magazine
,
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/gobekli-tepe.html?c=y&page=3
(accessed November 15, 2011).

2
. Robert A. Emmons and Raymond F. Paloutzian, “The Psychology of Religion,”
Annual Review of Psychology
54 (2003): 379.

3
. Krista Tippett,
Speaking of Faith
(New York: Viking Press, 2007), pp. 231–32.

4
. William James,
Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature
(New York: Collier Books, 1961), p. 59.

5
. Ibid., pp. 61–62.

6
. Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg, and Tom Pyszczynski, “Pride and Prejudice: Fear of Death and Social Behavior,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
9 (2000): 200.

7
. Ibid., p. 201.

8
. Sander L. Koole, Jeff Greenberg, and Tom Pyszczynski, “Introducing Science to the Psychology of the Soul: Experimental Existential Psychology,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
15 (2006): 213–14.

9
. Ibid., p. 214.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Emmons and Paloutzian, “The Psychology of Religion,” p. 383.

12
. Kevin S. Seybold and Peter C. Hill, “The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Mental and Physical Health,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
10 (2001): 22.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Ibid., pp. 22–23.

15
. Eva Jonas and Peter Fischer, “Terror Management and Religion: Evidence That Intrinsic Religiousness Mitigates Worldview Defense Following Mortality Salience,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
91 (2006): 557.

16
. Ibid., pp. 558–59.

17
. Ibid., p. 563.

18
. Emmons and Paloutzian, “The Psychology of Religion,” pp. 387–88.

19
. Ibid., pp. 388–89.

20
. Michael Inzlicht et al., “Neural Markers of Religious Conviction,”
Psychological Science
20 (2009): 385–87.

21
. Ibid., p. 388.

22
. Ibid., p. 389.

23
. Michael E. McCullough and Brian L. B. Wiloughby, “Religion, Self-Regulation, and Self-Control: Associations, Explanations, and Implications,”
Psychological Bulletin
135 (2009): 70–72.

24
. Ibid., p. 82.

25
. Ibid., p. 87.

26
. James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience
, pp. 299–301.

27
. Ibid., p. 300.

28
. Ibid., p. 301.

29
. Ibid., p. 323.

30
. Andrew Newberg, Eugene G. d'Aquili and Vince Rause,
Why God Won't Go Away: Brain Science and Biology of Believing
(New York: Ballantine Books, 2001), p. 110.

31
. James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience
, p. 29.

32
. Ibid., p. 30.

33
. Newberg, D'Aquili, and Rause,
Why God Won't Go Away
, p. 112.

34
. Ibid.

35
. Ibid., p. 110.

36
. Ibid., p. 80.

37
. Ibid., pp. 28–29.

38
. Ibid., pp. 3–7.

39
. Niels G. Waller, Brian A. Kojetin, Thomas J. Bouchard Jr., David T. Lykken, and Auke Tellegen, “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religious Interests, Attitudes, and Values: A Study of Twins Reared Apart and Reared Together,”
Psychological Science
1 (1990): 138–41.

40
. Ibid., p. 138.

41
. Jesse M. Bering, “The Cognitive Psychology of Belief in the Supernatural,”
American Scientist
94 (2006): 142–49.

42
. Ibid., p. 144.

43
. Dimitrios Kapogiannis, Aron K. Barbey, Michael Su, Giovanna Zamboni, Frank Krueger, and Jordan Grafman, “Cognitive and Neural Foundations of Religious Belief,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
106 (March 2009): 4876–81.

44
. Ibid., p. 4876.

45
. Ibid., p. 4879.

46
. John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge,
God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World
(New York: Penguin Press, 2009), pp. 9–10.

47
. Ibid., p. 16.

48
. Ibid., pp. 4–5.

49
. Stephen Jay Gould,
Rock of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life
(New York: Ballantine Publishing Group, 1999), p. 188.

50
. Francis S. Collins,
The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief
(New York: Free Press, 2006), p. 107.

51
. Gregory W. Graffin and William B. Provine, “Evolution, Religion, and Free Will,”
American Scientist
95 (July–August 2007): 296.

52
. Gould,
Rock of Ages
, pp. 5–6.

53
. Ibid., p. 54.

54
. Ibid., p. 55.

55
. Antony Flew,
There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007), pp. 136–38.

56
. Ibid., p. 138.

57
. Karen Armstrong,
A History of God: The Four Thousand Year Quest of Judaism, Islam, and Christianity
(New York: Random House 1993), p. xix.

CHAPTER 11. TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY MIND

1
. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza,
The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution
(Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1995), p. 121.

2
. Ibid., p. 123.

3
. Margaret W. Conkey, “A History of the Interpretation of European ‘Paleolithic Art’: Magic, Mythogram, and Metaphors for Modernity.” In
Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution
, eds. Andrew Lock and Charles R. Peters (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 288–95.